Chewable lipid supplements containing caffeine for increasing alertness, focus and energy

ABSTRACT

Flavored chewable wafers containing caffeine suitable for increasing alertness and allow an individual to perform tasks in a more focused and energetic manner comprises, formulations of phospholipids, specifically identified concentrations of phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidic acid, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, glycolipids and phosphatidylserine along with inulin and other desirable active ingredients.

This application is a continuation-in-part and claims benefit of U.S.patent application Ser. No. 14/815,841 filed Jul. 31, 2015, now U.S.Pat. No. 9,468,668, issued Oct. 18, 2016, which is a CIP of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 14/152,938 filed Jan. 10, 2014, now U.S. Pat. No.9,095,507 issued Aug. 4, 2015, which is a CIP of Ser. No. 13/208,255filed Aug. 11, 2011, Now U.S. Pat. No. 8,877,239, all incorporatedherein in their entirety by reference hereto, and claims benefit ofProvisional Application Ser. No. 61/750,991 filed Jan. 10, 2013.

Chewable wafers for delivery of enriched nutritional supplements aredescribed that include components necessary to maintain or restore celland mitochondrial health and provide enhanced alertness due to thepresence of caffeine, the combination providing a synergistic effectwith extended efficacy significantly in excess of that obtained fromprior art composition including equivalent concentrations of caffeine.While membrane-essential lipid molecules and chemical precursors forthose molecules are provided in the form of supplements suitable forLipid Replacement Therapy as disclosed in applicants above referencedparent applications, it was highly unexpected that caffeine delivered incombination with those same lipid molecules and chemical precursorswould significantly increase the longevity of the effects of caffeine onthe individuals consuming the compositions disclosed herein. LiquidPlacement Therapy is the use of functional supplements containing cellmembrane phospholipids and antioxidants to replace damaged, usuallyoxidized. Membrane glycophospholipids that accumulate during aging andto address various clinical conditions in order to restore cellularfunction (Nicholson, G. L. et al, “Lipid Replacement Therapy: A NaturalMedicine Approach to Replacing Damages Lipids in Cellular Membranes andOrganelles and Restoring Function”, Biochim. Biophys Acta, 1838(6), June2014, pp 1657-79). Processes and formulations set forth herein aredesigned to add to and supplement lipids in cells within the mammalianbody including, but not limited to, phosphatidylglycerol (PG),phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE),phosphatidylserine (PS), phosphatidic acid (PA) and related phospho- andglyco-phospholipids containing linoleic acid (LA), other healthy fattyacids, and phospholipid (PL) precursors. In addition, by controlling ormodifying growing conditions of lipid source plants or microbes (lipidsource materials), selecting specific species that produce the desiredlipids, the purification and extraction of enriched compounds from thelipid source materials and the addition of combinations of pre-existinglipid products with other ingredients unique compositions are created.These compositions can then be utilized in the preparation of variouschewable formulations specifically designed for use as nutritionaltreatments to address various health needs and medical andorgan-specific deficiencies. Additional applications are as functionalfoods, medical foods, general health support, increased sportsperformance, improved quality of life, increased cognitive function,such as mental focus, mental clarity and concentration, increased energyfor enhanced physical activity, increased healthful nutrition formetabolic support, for veterinary supplements and to enhance fertilityand skin health.

BACKGROUND

Mitochondria are intracellular organelles that convert food energy intocellular energy in the form of high-energy molecules for all cellularmetabolic purposes. Mitochondria are encapsulated by two phospholipid(PL) membranes (“inner” and “outer” membranes) that are enriched incertain types of fatty acids, phospholipids and other lipids relative tomost other cellular structures in the body. A major lipid component ofmitochondrial membranes is cardiolipin (CL). CL can account for as muchas 20% of the total lipids in mitochondria, and it is associated withseveral other PL and protein molecules that are critical in generatingcellular energy. For example, CL is associated with cytochrome oxidasein the electron transport system located in the mitochondrial innermembrane. It is also associated with several other PL and proteinmolecules that are critical in generating cellular energy. CL damage isassociated with many pathologies including oxidative stress (Iwase H. T.et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 222(1), 83-89, 1996) and aging(Paradies G. F. M. et al., FEBS Lett. 406(1-2), 136-138, 1997). InBarth's syndrome, remodeling of cardiolipin has been suggested as thecause of the often fatal pathology (Paradies G. F. M. et al., FEBS Lett.406(1-2), 136-138, 1997; Valianpour, F. et al., Journal of Lipid Res.44, 560-566, 2003).

Electron transport is initiated when reducing equivalents (electrons)enter the system from Complex I (NADH dehydrogenase) and Complex II(succinate dehydrogenase). The enzymatic components of these complexesface the mitochondrial matrix that is enclosed by the innermitochondrial membrane. As used herein, the term “face” is used toindicate that chemical constituents of a molecule extend toward aparticular constituent of another molecule. Electron transfer continuesfrom Complex I and Complex II to CoQ, Complex III, cytochrome C, andComplex IV along with the generation of high energy molecules such asATP. The final transfer is to molecular oxygen with the formation ofwater. The inner membrane separates the matrix from the mitochondrialcytosol which is contained between the mitochondrial inner and outermembranes. The outer membrane is permeable to molecules with a molecularweight of less than 10,000 Da, but the inner membrane is permeable onlyto small lipid-soluble molecules and substances transferred by transportmechanisms.

There are some tissue-to-tissue and organ-to-organ differences inmitochondria. For example, cardiac mitochondria are unique from themitochondria of other types of cells in that they possess a ComplexI-associated NADH dehydrogenase that faces the mitochondrial cytosol. Asa result, cardiac mitochondria are more sensitive to certain types ofdrugs that can damage mitochondria. Because of the tissue-to-tissuedifferences in the phospholipid composition of cell and mitochondrialmembranes, the administration of nutritional supplements withphospholipid compositions matching the targeted organ, as taught herein,is beneficial in maintaining normal phospholipid balance.

In general, mitochondria are very sensitive to oxidative damage. Morespecifically, mitochondrial genes and the mitochondrial membranes aresensitive to cellular reactive oxygen species/reactive nitrogen species(ROS/RNS) that cause oxidative damage. In the case of membranephospholipids, oxidation modifies their structure. This can affect lipidfluidity, permeability and membrane function. (Conklin, K. A., Nicolson,G. L., “Molecular Replacement In Cancer Therapy: Reversing CancerMetabolic And Mitochondrial Dysfunction, Fatigue, And The AdverseEffects Of Cancer Therapy” Curr. Therapy Rev. 4: pp 66-76, (2008)).

Over 50 million people in the US suffer from chronic degenerativedisorders. While it is not clear that mitochondrial defects cause theseproblems, it is clear that mitochondrial dysfunction occurs in chronicdegenerative diseases because mitochondrial function is measurablydisturbed. Even autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis, Sjögrenssyndrome, lupus and rheumatoid arthritis appear to exhibit amitochondrial dysfunction.

Mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with a wide range of solidcancers, is proposed to be central to the aging process, and is found tobe a common factor in the toxicity of a variety of physical and chemicalagents. Symptoms of mitochondrial pathologies include muscle weakness orexercise intolerance, heart failure or rhythm disturbances, dementia,movement disorders, stroke-like episodes, deafness, blindness, droopyeyelids, limited mobility of the eyes, vomiting, and seizures.

In addition, abnormal mitochondria are involved in various diseases,including inherited diseases involving mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)changes. Mutation and inheritance can cause changes to mtDNA and nuclearDNA (nDNA).

Cardiolipin (CL) is a major component of mitochondrial lipids. MammalianCL has four acyl chains, and consists of two molecules ofphosphatidylglycerol (FIG. 1). Up to 90% of the fatty acids incorporatedin mammalian cardiolipin consist of only linoleic acid (LA) which is anunsaturated omega-6 fatty acid with Holman nomenclature 18:2(n-6). LA isreadily available in plant oils, especially in safflower, grapeseed andsunflower oils (FIG. 2).

The biosynthesis of CL occurs through several steps leading up to thecombination of phosphatidylglycerol with cytidine diphosphatediacylglycerol (FIG. 3). A detailed description of the biosynthesis isset forth in U.S. Pat. No. 6,503,700 to Leung, which is incorporatedherein by reference, a portion of which states:

-   -   “CDP-diacylglycerol (CDP-DAG) is an important branch point        intermediate just downstream of phosphatidic acid (PA) in the        pathways for biosynthesis of glycerophosphate-based        phospholipids (Kent, Anal. Rev. Biocheni. 64: 315-343, 1995). In        eukaryotic cells, PA, the precursor molecule for all        glycerophospholipids, is converted either to CDP-DAG by CDP-DAG        synthase (CDS) or to DAG by a phosphohydrolase. In mammalian        cells, CDP-DAG is the precursor to phosphatidylinositol (PI),        phosphatidylglycerol (PG), and cardiolipin (CL). Diacylglycerol        is the precursor to triacylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine,        and phosphatidylcholine in eukaryotic cells. Therefore, the        partitioning of phosphatidic acid between CDP-diacylglycerol and        diacylglycerol must be an important regulatory point in        eukaryotic phospholipid metabolism (Shen et al., J. Biol. Chem.        271:789-795, 1996). In eukaryotic cells, CDP-diacylglycerol is        required in the mitochondria for phosphatidylglycerol and        cardiolipin synthesis and in the endoplasmic reticulum and        possibly other organelles for the synthesis of        phosphatidylinositol (PI). PI, in turn, is the precursor for the        synthesis of a series of lipid second messengers, such as        phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PIP₂), DAG and        inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP₃). Specifically, PIP₂ is the        substrate for phospholipase C that is activated in response to a        wide variety of extracellular stimuli, leading to the generation        of two lipid second messengers; namely, DAG for the activation        of protein kinase C and IP₃ for the release of Ca.sup.++ from        internal stores (Dowhan, Anal. Rev. Biochem. 66: 199-232,        1997).”

Remodeling of CL has been observed in the aging process, whereby theacyl chain LAs are replaced with the highly unsaturated fatty acidsdocosahexaenoic acid and arachidonic acid. In light thereof, as setforth herein, it is contemplated that lipid replacement therapy byproviding PG with linoleic acid acyl groups can repair or reversecardiolipin remodeling associated with aging and other pathologies.

Spirulina genus is a cyanobacteria group, commonly referred to as analga. Spirulina as a food supplement has been common for possiblythousands of years. As a nutrient supplement, it is generally collected,dried or lyopholized, and powdered. Specific extraction methods forvarious components are discussed below. Spirulina naturally producesabout 48% linoleic acid, and is also a significant source of PG(Bujard-E.U., Braco, U., Mauron, J., Mottu, F., Nabholz, A., Wuhrman, J.J., Clement, G., 3^(rd) International Congress of Food Science andTechnology, Washington 1970).

Spirulina as a whole food has been shown to have several pharmacologicaleffects. (Torres-Duran, P. V., Ferreira-Hermosilo, A. F.,Juarez-Oropeza, M. A. Lipids in Health and Disease 6:33, 2007). Methodsfor extracting phytopigments from Spirulina have been described (U.S.Pat. No. 4,851,339, Hills). Pigments were extracted using non-polarorganic solvents, the pigments were absorbed onto a starch gel, thesolvent removed, and the pigments re-extracted in alcohol.

Spirulina species were combined with omega fatty acids to provide acomposition for treating or preventing inflammation and/or pain bytopical administration (U.S. Pat. No. 5,709,855, Bockow). An extractionprocess for obtaining a high proportion of long-chain polyunsaturatedfatty acids having from 20 to 22 carbon atoms, where the raw material isof plant origin, alginate, or carrageenan residues is disclosed in U.S.Pat. No. 5,539,133, Kohn, et al.)

Calcium salts were used to make phycocyanine water soluble as anextraction method, particularly in Spirulina species (U.S. Pat. No.4,320,050, Rebeller, et al.). The pigment was extracted with an aqueoussolution containing calcium at 0.02 to 0.2 grams per liter, at atemperature from 15 to 45° C. for 15 minutes to 1 hour. The processrequired two repetitions. A further organic extraction was required toobtain other phytopigments such as carotenoids and xanthophylls.

Microalgae, for instance, Spirulina species is also another source ofPLs. Environmental factors affect the fatty acid composition ofSpirulina (Funteu, F. et al., Plant Phys. and Bioch. 35(1), 63-71, 1997)and can be used to manipulate the yields of targeted fatty acids such asPG. In particular, alteration of the growth media with phosphate andmanganese salts can affect PG yields. Further, different species containdifferent ratios of fatty acids, and high-yield species can beidentified (Muhling, M. et al., Journal of Applied Phycology, vol 17:22,137-146, 2005).

Some sources of PL contain toxins that can contaminate lipidextractions. For example, many cyanobacteria species can produce toxinsas a natural defense mechanism. The cultures can also be contaminatedwith other species that produce microcystins which exhibitneurotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, dermatotoxicity and cytotoxicity).Microcystins are cyclic heptapeptides with variations in amino acids atseven positions. Species that are toxic that can contaminate culturedcyanobacteria include Microcystis, Anabaena, and Aphanizomenom genuses.

Biological concentrates or extracts that are claimed to improvemitochondrial function include marine oils from sharks, codfish, salmon,and other species; various vegetable oils; and lecithin. Fish oilextracts include desirable components such as omega-3 fatty acids. Afish oil supplement called Omacor® or Lovaza® contains 90% omega-3 fattyacids and is a pure, clinically proven and FDA-approved prescriptiondrug (U.S. Pat. No. 7,439,267, Granata, et al.)

Safflower, sunflower, grape seed, and olive oil and others are claimedto have high linoleic acid contents that promote cardiac health andlower cholesterol levels. Linoleic acid and related cardiolipinprecursors are described in US published patent application 2008/0318909for treating cardiac related symptoms and diseases. U.S. Pat. No.6,348,213, Barenholz, et al., describes directly injecting PCintravenously to reverse age-related changes in lipid composition ofheart muscle cells.

Lecithin is an oil or powder extract of soy beans or egg yolks. Lecithinis sometimes used as a synonym for its major constituentphosphatidylcholine (PC). Other components of lecithin include thephospholipids phosphatidylinositol (PI), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE),phosphatidylglycerol (PG), phosphatidylserine (PS), and phosphatidicacid (PA). In addition, glycophospholipids are present as galactolipids,with one (monogalctosyl-) or two (digalactosyl-) diacylglycerol.Lecithin is comprised largely of PC. It has been known for over onehundred years and there are numerous patents regarding processing andmodification of lecithin. As discussed below, while the compoundsdisclosed herein use a lecithin base they are subjected to a uniquefractionation and recombination procedure to enrich specific andnonspecific lipid components and to generate new compositions of mattertailored to address specific health requirements of the individual beingtreated.

A prior known composition, marketed as NT Factor, and referred to hereinas NT1, as set forth in Table 1, has previously been shown to improvemitochondrial health. The prior NT Factor has been availablecommercially with a proprietary blend of ingredients added asnutritional supplements including, but not limited to, magnesium oxide(6 mg), magnesium glycinate, (0.03 mg) chromium polynicotinate, (1.8mg), potassium citrate (5 mg), alpha lipoic acid (10 mg),Bifidobacterium bifidum (5 mg), blackstrap molasses (3 mg), boron ascalcium borogluconate, (0.03 mg), bromelain from pineapple, (2400gelatin digestive units per gram, 100 mg), beet root fiber (5 mg),fructo-oligosaccharides from beet or cane sugar (250 mg), Lactobacillusacidophilus (3.57 mg of microencapsulated, providing 250 million activeorganisms), L-Arginine, as L-Arginine HCl (13 mg), odor modified garlicfrom Allium sativa bulb, minimum of 10,000 ppm allicin potential, 10 mg,PABA, para-aminobenzoic acid (50 mg), pantethine, (a coenzyme Aprecursor) (50 mg), rice bran extract (250 mg), Spirulina, Arthrospiraplatensis, microalgae (10 mg), sulfur, from OptiMSM (28.85 mg) or alesser amount (11.15 mg) added to augment sulfate when magnesium sulfateis replaced with magnesium oxide, taurine (13 mg) and coenzyme Q10.

TABLE 1 NT FACTOR (NT1) (Prior Art Formulation) Vitamin E (as d-alphatocopherol succinate) 20 IU Calcium (as calcium carbonate, calciumpyruvate, 160 mg d-calcium phosphate) Phosphorus (as di-calciumphosphate) 50 mg Magnesium (as magnesium oxide) 50 mg Alpha-ketoglutaricAcid 120 mg L-carnitine-L-tartrate 90 mg L-tyrosine 60 mg Pantethine (ascoenzyme A precursor) 50 mg Sulfur 11.15 mg NT Factor ®*(phosphoglycolipids from soy) 1350 mg *NT1 contains a proprietarycomposition designated NT Factor ® (a registered trade mark ofNutritional Therapeutics, Inc. Islandia, NY) which comprisesapproximately 93% PC and lyso-PC of which around 24% is18:2 linoleicacid

U.S. Pat. No. 4,812,314, Barenholz et al., describes the use of egg PCdelivered parentally to produce a change in the lipid composition ofheart muscles as indicated by a drop in serum CPK level, an increase inlongevity and an improved fertility.

Lipid replacement therapy, also referred to as molecular replacementtherapy, using NT1 has been shown to be an effective nutritional supportfor various health deficiencies. One example is in the use for cancerpatients undergoing chemotherapy. A review of research shows that NT1,combined with antioxidants and other nutrients, repairs damage caused byoxidative stress. By replacing damaged lipid molecules in cell membranesand membranes of mitochondria, the energy generating component in cellsis improved, and both acute and chronic adverse effects of chemotherapyhave been reduced in a majority of chemotherapy patients who followed aregimen of NT Factor plus antioxidants and other nutrients. (Nicolson GL, Conklin K A, Reversing mitochondrial dysfunction, fatigue and theadverse effects of chemotherapy of metastatic disease by molecularreplacement therapy, Clinical & Experimental Metastasis 2007 Dec. 5).

Phospholipids have been extracted from marine oils (US PublishedApplication 20090028989). The lipid fraction was dissolved in anon-polar solvent, where phospholipids formed large micelles that wereseparated from other lipids and non-polar toxins by microfiltration. Anaqueous multi-step process was also used to extract phospholipids fromegg yolks (U.S. Pat. No. 6,217,926, Merkle et al.).

While lecithin and lecithin fractions or extracts are beneficial forlipid replacement therapy for somatic cells, they are not formulated tocontain the specific ratios of phospholipid species that are found inmitochondrial membranes in different organs. However, because of theirphylogenetic similarities to mitochondria, many bacteria species such asSpirulina contain appreciable concentrations of PG as found in hearttissues. Growth factors, conditions and selection of species eachinfluence the distribution of fatty acids in the culture. U.S. Pat. No.7,476,522, Putten, et al., describes enrichment of gamma-linolenic acidsfrom a ciliate culture by adding suitable precursors to the culturemedium. U.S. Pat. No. 6,579,714, Hirabayashi, et al., describes aculture apparatus for algae that produce high levels of highlyunsaturated fatty acids, photosynthetic pigments, and/orpolysaccharides. Growing conditions for Colpidium genus, a protozoan,were optimized to maximize gamma-linolenic acid yields (U.S. Pat. No.6,403,345, Kiy, et al.) Spirulina (S. platensis) can be made to producea GLA content of the extractable oil between 12 and 26% (Mahajan G.,Kamat, M., 1995; Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 43, 466-9; Nichols, B.W., Wood, B. J. B., 1968; Lipids, 3, 46-50).

Different methods for enhancing the growth of cultured microorganismsappear in the patent literature. As an example, a method of increasinggrowth in cultured microorganisms by controlling turbulence has beendisclosed (U.S. Pat. No. 5,541,056, Huntley, et al.)

There are several transgenic methods of increasing protein and fattyacid expression in plants (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,075,183, Knutzon, etal.; U.S. Pat. No. 6,503,700, Leung). US Published Application2010/0166838 describes the use of PG, which is a precursor forcardiolipin, as improving mitochondrial function and energy production.PG has also been mentioned as a factor for increasing the solubility ofwater-insoluble drugs (U.S. Pat. No. 6,974,593, Dec. 13, 2005, Henriksenet al.) Lysophosphatidic acids are used in compositions that inhibitapoptosis in (U.S. Pat. No. 6,495,532, Bathurst et al.)

The effect of caffeine consumption on the human body is well understood.Caffeine, whether consumed in beverages such as coffee, tea, energydrinks or as in a pill form such as NoDoz®, is used by so many people tokeep them feeling alert and awake. Caffeine works by counteracting theeffect countering a substance in your brain known as adenosine.Adenosine builds in the brain during the day as a result of normal brainactivity. Receptors in the brain sense the amount of the adenosine beingbuilt up, with increased levels signaling the brain that the end of theday is approaching, the individual feels tired, and should sleep, whichresults in the decrease in adenosine. Caffeine has a chemical structuresimilar to adenosine molecules so that it actually binds to thereceptors, but does not activate the receptors, Because the receptorsare blocked by the caffeine molecules, the brain thinks there is lessadenosine than is actually present there, the individual remains alertand does not feel tired or sleepy and the dopamine and glutamatemolecules, the brain's natural stimulants, are not inhibited.

The strength of these effects can vary from person to person and itdepends on various different factors, and particularly an individual'slevel of tolerance to caffeine. In particular the body can build up atolerance to and continued use of caffeine or the number and frequenciesof caffeine intake will result in a decrease in the effect of caffeineconsumption. For example, a first cup of coffee, will probably have astrongly. However, if an individual is a chronic coffee drinkerconsuming multiple cups a day (i.e., 3-5) for many years, the expectedeffects of caffeine ingestion may not be felt at all. This tolerance canbe reversed by abstention for a period of time to allow the brain toreturn to normal chemical balance. However, as with the withdrawal ofmany drugs ceasing caffeine consumption can also result in withdrawalsymptoms which can be quite severe.

SUMMARY

Disclosed herein are chewable wafers that can include therein variousnutritional materials and phospholipids described herein. Particularlyincluded herein by reference are those various materials andcompositions set forth in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/208,255incorporated herein in its entirety by reference in this application.This includes the use of animal tissues, plant species, fungi, yeast,protozoa and bacteria as a source of various phospholipids including,but not limited to PG. Bacteria can contain from trace amounts of PG toup to 70% of the phospholipids. In plants PG forms 20 to 30% of thephospholipids, found mainly in chloroplasts. In addition to identifyingbiological sources producing significant amounts of PG, the linoleicacid form of PG is a preferred form of PG for use in maintaining humanmitochondrial health. Other organ specific phospholipids such as 18:1 PSare also suitable, for example, to improve mental functions.

Lipid containing compounds referred to as NT Factor have been known andused in the past as dietary supplements (see Table 1). The wafercompositions set forth herein contemplate inclusion therein of the abovedescribed NT Factor which has never been available in a chewable waferform. Inclusion of New Lipid Formulation A is also contemplated. NewLipid Formulation A is specifically enriched in phosphatidic acid. NewLipid Formulation C is specifically enriched in phosphatidylcholine. NewLipid Formulation E is specifically enriched inphosphatidylethanolamine. New Lipid Formulation G is specificallyenriched in phosphatidylglycerol. New Lipid Formulation I isspecifically enriched in phosphatidylinositol. New Lipid Formulation Sis specifically enriched in phosphatidylserine. These enriched formulaeare then used for targeted delivery to mitochondrial and cellularmembranes for Lipid Replacement Therapy—a nutritional procedure thatresults in natural replacement of damaged cellular lipids with thecorrect lipids or a correct balance of lipids for healthy and normalfunction as well as lipids which can have tailored acyl chains perlength and unsaturations. While soy is a common plant source oflecithin, lecithin can be extracted from various different plantsources, for example safflower, sunflower or other oil seeds. Lecithinfrom different sources, or from the same source grown in differentyears, can have different concentrations of lipids. Blends of lecithinfrom different sources can be used to prepare a “standardized” orreproducible composition or to produce a composition enriched inspecific lipids.

A new class of compounds or compositions, referred to as Cyanithins, arealso disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/208,255 and areincorporated herein by reference. The Cyanithins comprise microbial orplant extracts with phospholipids analogous to those found in lecithinfractions from plant extracts. Cyanithin A is specifically enriched inphosphatidic acid. Cyanithin C is specifically enriched inphosphatidylcholine. Cyanithin E is specifically enriched inphosphatidylethanolamine. Cyanithin G is specifically enriched inphosphatidylglycerol. Cyanithin S is specifically enriched inphosphatidylserine. The New Lipid Formulation and Cyanithins can becombined or fortified with specific nutrients to provide targeted healthbenefits for both general health and as well as to treat specificailments involving mitochondrial damage and cell membrane damage. Inaddition, the lipid profile, particularly the fatty acid profile ofspecific or general phospholipid bases can be improved by addingtriglycerides or other fatty acid sources that are rich in, or comprisea pure specific fatty acid or a combination of specific fatty acids.These new mixtures are hereinafter referred to as “Combinations”.

Disclosed herein are chewable wafers that include caffeine and nutrientand probiotic compositions that increase mitochondrial function, as wellas bioavailability of virtually all nutrients and, unexpectedly providethe known and desired effects of caffeine in an enhanced manner and alsoextend those effects over a period of time much greater than the timebenefit experienced from the delivery of the same quantities of caffeinefrom prior art caffeine sources or supplements.

The various New Lipid Formulations and Cyanithins, which include inulin,as well as Combination formulas with lecithins and specific fatty acidsprovide cell and mitochondrial lipids that increase the transport ofnutrients such as vitamins, antioxidants, glucose, and others. Theselipids replace damaged or missing lipids in membrane structures andrestore and revitalize the ability of cells and mitochondria to passmolecules of vital interest into and out of cellular and subcellularcompartments. The Inulin appears to aid in this transport function.

Those New Lipid Formulation and Cyanithins, with inulin, as well asCombination formulas with lecithins and specific fatty acids alsoincrease cellular energy required for cellular transport and otherfunctions by repairing mitochondrial membranes and as a result increasethe efficiency of electron transport to produce high energy moleculessuch as ATP and NADH.

In addition, the various New Lipid Formulations and Cyanithins, withinulin, as well as Combination formulas with lecithins and specificfatty acids can be fortified with various combinations of probioticswith or without inclusion of prebiotics such as fructo-oligosaccharides(FOS) and other nutrients that foster healthy bacteria in the digestivetract. Specifically targeted species of bacteria successfully facilitatethe passage of nutrients and lipids from the digested matter in thedigestive tract through the walls of the digestive system and into thecirculatory system. The combination of increased bioavailability byincreased absorption from the digestive system as well as increasednutrient absorption through individual cells and subcellular structuresrepresents a novel and important advance in pharmaceutical andnutraceutical science.

Additional nutrients can be also be added. Nutritional supplementstargeting cell membrane and mitochondrial health typically contain:

-   -   a) coenzyme Q10 (hereafter referred to as CoQ10);    -   b) L-carnitine in various forms such as acetyl L-carnitine,        acetyl L-carnitine arginate dihydrochloride (patented),        carnosine, L-carnitine fumarate, and L-carnitine tartrate among        others (hereafter referred to as L-carnitine);    -   c) alpha-lipoic acid in two forms, and    -   d) phosphatidylcholine (hereafter referred to as PC).        In addition, a variety of antioxidant vitamins such as A, B, D,        E and K are often included.

These new nutrient supplement compositions for stimulating andmaintaining mitochondrial and cell health comprise enrichedconcentrations of lipids for replacing aged, damaged or remodeled lipidsin cell and mitochondrial membranes. Described herein are improvedcompositions comprising new and unique Lipid Formulations and Cyanithinsand Combinations containing specially grown, purified and extractedconcentrates of specific phospholipids and glycophospholipids andspecific fatty acids from biological sources, such as Spirulina or otherspecies, as well as Combinations from existing lecithins and specificfatty acid sources These new formulations, and the extraction,fractionation, combination and purification procedures to prepare them,are unique in both their compositions and the utility to addressmitochondrial defects and deficiencies as well as other organ, diseaseor system-specific malfunctions.

Described herein are chewable wafers (also referred to as chewabletablets) and their method of manufacture as an improved method ofdelivering therapeutic lipid compositions in combination with caffeine.Currently available products comprise large pills, capsules and waterdispersible powder. A major deficiency of these products is thatconsumers object to the size of the pills or capsules, the number ofpills or capsules and the volume of water based solutions they have toconsume on a daily basis to receive a proper therapeutic dosage. Thecompositions set forth herein provide a good tasting, chewable wafercaffeine/lipid delivery system more acceptable to consumers which hasenhanced ability to provide metal alertness and reduce the urge to sleepwhile at the same time providing the desired effect for a time periodunseen with prior art caffeine supplements of equivalent dosage.

The ability to provide a chewable wafer also provides the opportunity toreadily produce numerous variations of the caffeine/lipid compositionswith varying concentrations of the various ingredients as well asincluding different vitamins, minerals and other nutrients deemedbeneficial to maintaining health and addressing various nutritionaldeficiencies. This now offers to medical and health care practitionersas well as the general consumer of over-the-counter products the abilityto specifically target a particular area of nutritional support while atthe same time extending the period of alertness and reducing the feelingof fatigue. While the description below details manufacture of aparticular embodiment, based on the teachings herein one skilled in theart will readily recognize how to prepare various other therapeuticwafers. For example to support prostate health the base chewable wafercomposition obtained as shown in FIG. 24 can be then be supplemented byaddition of prostate supporting nutrients such as Lycopene, Saw PalmettoPygeum and Stinging nettle. Alternatively, these materials can be addedduring the processing as shown in FIG. 24.

DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

The following examples are illustrative of the various embodiments ofthe present invention, and should not be regarded as limiting. For thepresent invention to be easily understood and readily practiced, theinvention will be described, for purposes of illustration and notlimitation, in conjunction with the following figures wherein:

FIG. 1 is a representation of the cardiolipin molecule.

FIG. 2 is a representation of the linoleic acid molecule.

FIG. 3 is a formula showing the biosynthesis of cardiolipin ineukaryotes.

FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram showing the novel extraction method forpreparing new Lipid Formulation A, C, E, G and S.

FIG. 5 is a schematic of the purification method to obtain theCyanithins.

FIG. 6 is a chart showing the efficacy of prior available NT Factor.

FIG. 7 is an example of PL distributions in various human organs.

FIG. 8 is a chart showing short-term efficacy of lipids treatment.

FIG. 9 is a chart showing average weight loss over eight weeks for theentire group.

FIG. 10 is a chart showing average weight loss over eight weeks for theresponder group.

FIG. 11 is a chart showing average hip measurement loss for the entiregroup.

FIG. 12 is a chart showing average hip measurement loss for theresponder group.

FIG. 13 is a chart showing average waist measurement loss for the entiregroup.

FIG. 14 is a chart showing average waist measurement loss for theresponder group.

FIG. 15 is a chart showing average body mass index loss for the entiregroup.

FIG. 16 is a chart showing average body mass index loss for theresponder group.

FIG. 17 is a chart showing average basal metabolic rate gain for theentire group.

FIG. 18 is a chart showing average basal metabolic rate gain for theresponder group.

FIG. 19 is a chart showing average hunger index for the entire group.

FIG. 20 is a chart showing overall fatigue score for the entire group.

FIG. 21 is a chart showing energy assessment of a new Lipid Formulation.

FIG. 22 is a chart showing change in cognitive function.

FIG. 23 is a chart showing energy time assessment.

FIG. 24 is a schematic diagram illustrating the formation of a lipidblend for inclusion in a chewable wafer.

FIG. 25 shows the procedure for forming the chewable wafer from thelipid formulation provided by the procedure of FIG. 24.

DETAILED DISCUSSION

The NT Factor listed in Table 1 is a commercially available compositiondescribed as follows:

-   -   “NT Factor is a mixture of cellular lipids that is rich in        phospholipids and glycophospholipids, and in particular,        polyunsaturated phosphatidylcholine and other membrane lipids.        It also contains essential fatty acids and other lipids that are        important in mitochondrial function and cellular membrane health        and probiotic microorganisms to aid in intestinal uptake        (Ellithorpe R R, Settineri R, Nicolson G L. Pilot Study:        Reduction of fatigue by use of a dietary supplement containing        glycophospholipids. JANA 2003).    -   NT Factor® is a nutrient complex extracted and prepared using        proprietary processes. It is composed only of food and food        components listed as:    -   Phosphoglycolipids (also referred to as        glycophospholipids)—includes polyunsaturated        phosphatidylcholine, glycolipids and other polyunsaturated        phosphatidyl nutrients.    -   Bifido and Lactobacillus Bacterium—freeze-dried and        microencapsulated in a state of suspended animation with the        potential to form healthy microflora colonies.    -   Growth Media—foods and bacteria growth factors to support        microflora colonies including rice bran extract, arginine, beet        root fiber, black strap molasses, glycine, para-amino benzoate,        leek, pantethine (bifido growth factor), taurine, garlic,        calcium borogluconate, potassium citrate, spirulina, bromelain,        natural vitamin E, calcium ascorbate, alpha-lipoic acid,        oligosaccharides, B-6, niacinamide, riboflavin, inositol,        niacin, calcium pantothenate, thiamin, B-12, folic acid,        chromium picolinate.”

U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/208,255, incorporated herein byreference, provides new and unique compositions which providesignificant improvements over prior available lipid compositions such asNT Factor (NT1) for the maintenance of health, the improvement ofphysiological indicators (weight loss, body mass, metabolic rate,hunger, fatigue, cognitive function, energy, and others) and thetreatment of acute and chronic heath and disease conditions. Alsodisclosed herein are methods of recovering lipids and new sources forlipid compositions to be used in lipid therapy.

Shown schematically in FIG. 4 is a method for extraction and/orfractionation of lecithin mixtures to provide an enriched source oflipids and phospholipids for cellular and mitochondrial lipidreplacement therapy. Lecithin is an enriched source of PC, PI, PE, PSand PA, but does not contain significant amounts of PG. This deficiencyis addressed by the compositions and procedures set forth herein.

New Lipid Formulations disclosed therein are designed to be similar tomitochondrial and cell membrane lipid mixtures. The New LipidFormulations maximize the lipid replacement process and maximizecellular health and membrane function.

Also disclosed, and shown schematically in FIG. 5, is a method forextraction/fractionation and purification of biologic matter to enrichspecific phospholipid and glycophospholipid species and antioxidantspecies to produce new compositions referred to herein as Cyanithins.

A specific embodiment comprises an extraction and purification processfor Spirulina and other species including plant, animal, fungal, andsingle celled organisms and bacteria including algae. The extraction andpurification processes remove toxic heavy metals that have oxidativeproperties, as well as environmental toxins such as PCBs, dioxins,organophosphates, microcystins, and others. In addition, the processesenrich the content of natural antioxidants such as tocopherol, andphytopigments which are naturally associated with photosyntheticorganisms, such as chlorophyll as well as many others. The processspecifically enriches the PG (or other target PL) concentrationcontaining the LA fraction of lipids and, for other purposes, stearic oroleic (18 carbon) and palmitic (16 carbon) fatty acids.

Improved absorption of nutrients and lipids at the cellular andsubcellular level results from providing essential membrane componentphospholipids. These components include specific lipids that replace orrepair damaged membrane lipids and allow the increased passage ofessential molecules into and out of cellular and subcellularcompartments.

Additionally, described herein are prebiotic and probiotic materials aswell as growth media which may be used in combination with essentiallipids, antioxidants, vitamins, and other nutrients that promote thegrowth of bacteria in the digestive tract, specifically of the type thatpromote the enhanced absorption of lipids, nutrients, antioxidants andother desirable molecules into the circulatory system.

New Lipid Formulation A and Cyanithin A are enriched in phosphatidicacid and glycophospholipids. New Lipid Formulation C and Cyanithin C areenriched in phosphatidylcholine and glycophospholipids. New LipidFormulation E and Cyanithin E are enriched in phosphatidylethanolamineand glycophospholipids. New Lipid Formulation G and Cyanithin G isenriched in phosphatidylglycerol and glycophospholipidsl. New LipidFormulation I and Cyanithin I are enriched in phosphatidylinositol andglycophospholipids. New Lipid Formulation S and Cyanithin S are enrichedin phosphatidylserine and glycophospholipids. These New LipidFormulations and Cyanithins are produced by use of the processes setforth in FIGS. 4 and/or 5 to separate and concentrate desired lipidswhich can then be combined to provide new Compositions with specificdesired lipid profiles.

A new process for enriching specific fatty acids of phospholipids isdisclosed. In a first embodiment, the 18:2 linoleic acid contentenrichment of phospholipids is set forth. In a typical procedure, atriglyceride mixture rich in linoleic acid is used to dissolve de-oiledlecithin at a ratio of approximately 6 parts lecithin to 4 partstriglycerides. High linoleic acid content oils can be obtained, forexample, from oil seeds such as safflower, sunflower, and grape seeds.The combined lipid nutrient is referred to as Combination A.

The Combination A can be sprayed onto or otherwise combined with acarrier to provide a dry powder. Typically, a carrier such asmaltodextrin is used. Tapioca dextrin and dessicants can also be addedto improve the handling properties for different uses such as foods,beverages, cosmetics, topical skin health and wound healing,nutraceuticals, functional foods, medical foods, premixes, veterinarianuses, and pharmaceuticals. The powder produced typically contains up toabout 88% of Combination A, but the loading factor may be varied tostandardize chosen components such as linoleic acid or specificphospholipids.

A further embodiment is the enrichment of phosphatidylserine with oleicacid (18:1) by reconstituting dry powder containing PS with an oil thatis rich in oleic acid such as canola oil, olive oil, pecan oil,high-oleic safflower oil, or high-oleic sunflower oil. This canfacilitate the post-digestion and absorption kinetics of the reassemblyof PS into a form that matches the form found in mammalian brain andother tissues.

A further embodiment is enrichment of specific phospholipids withpalmitic acid (16:0). This can facilitate the post-digestion andabsorption kinetics of a reassembly of PG into a form that matches theform found in mammalian lung fluid or other tissues.

A further embodiment is enrichment of specific phospholipids with α- orγ-linolenic acid. This may facilitate the post-digestion and absorptionkinetics of a reassembly of phospholipids into a form that matches theform found in mammalian tissues.

A further embodiment is supplying improved feedstocks for enzymaticconversion to particular phospholipid species. For instance, forproducing PS for human neural health, a feedstock lecithin from ahigh-oleic acid content oil is preferably used. While soy lecithin istypically used, canola lecithin will yield a higher quantity of PS witholeic acid acyl chains, which more closely mimics the PS found inmammalian brains. In another instance, the feedstock formitochondrial-healthy lipids is preferably higher in linoleic acid suchas is found in lecithins from safflower, sunflower, and grapeseed oils.Specifically, high-linoleic safflower, sunflower, and grapeseedlecithins are identified as treatments for general health as well asspecific mitochdondrial and cardiac health.

A further embodiment is an enriched New Lipid Formulation containinginulin powder. Specifically, edible oils with desired fatty acids arecombined with inulin to produce a powder. This powder is preferentiallyloaded with from about 12.5% to about 50% of the oil and can be used inthe manufacture of foods, beverages, nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals.

The New Lipid Formulations, Cyanithins, and Combinations, alone or incombination, have a wide variety of uses including, but not limited topharmaceuticals, medicinals, nutritional supplements, functional foods,medical foods, ointments, and solubilizing agents. The chewable wafersdescribed herein provide a new and useful way for delivering anynutritional compositions and particularly the lipid compositions setforth herein.

In the past, oral delivery systems include tablets and capsules. Thechewable wafer disclosed herein provide a new, convenient method fororal delivery of beneficial compositions.

Disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/208,255, incorporatedherein by reference, is a unique fractionation method for lecithin orother lipid concentrates from plant sources and a uniqueextraction/fractionation and purification method for biologicalmaterials, such as Spirulina or other species, or combinations thereof,to produce compounds, compositions and formulations that are enrichedwith phospholipids, such as PG and other PLs, natural antioxidants, andother added pre- and probiotics and nutrient factors. As used herein theterm “biological materials” is used to identify single or multicellorganisms, such as bacterial and single-celled organisms such asbacteria and algae including, but not limited to, Aquifex, Thermotoga,Bacteroides, Cyophaga, Planctomyces, Cyanobacteria, Proteobacteria,Spirochetes, Gram positives, Green Filamentous bacteria, Pydrodicticum;Archea, including: Thermoproteus, T. celer, Methanococcus,Methanobacterium, Methanoscarcina, Halophiles; Eucaryota including:Entamoebae, Slime molds, Fungi, Ciliates, Flagellates, Trichomonads,Microsporidia, and Diplomonads. On the other hand “plant materials” isused to identify agricultural products used as a source, including priorplant sources listed in the literature (soy, etc.) as well as vascularplants including, but not limited to eudicots, monocots, basalangiosperms, gymnosperms, ferns and lycophytes; bryophytes includinghornworts, mosses and liverworts; charophytes including harophyceae,colecochaetophyceae, zygnemophyceae, klebsormidiophyceae,chlorokybophyceae; chlorophytes including trebouxiophyceae,chlorophyceae, ulvophyceae, and prasinophyte grade; rhodophytes andglaucophytes. One embodiment consists of an enriched PL formula producedfrom plant lecithins. Other compositions are enriched in phosphatidicacid, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine,phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositiol or phosphatidylserine. Theseenriched formulae provide the basis for targeted delivery tomitochondrial and cellular membranes in a process referred to as lipidreplacement therapy, which is a nutritional procedure that replacesdamaged cellular lipids with the correct lipids for healthy and normalfunction. In addition, the length of the acyl chains and the level ofsaturation in the compounds can be tailored to optimize the beneficialresults obtained by delivery of these compositions.

The Cyanithin formulae are based on microbial extracts (with biologicalmaterials as the starting materials) which are analogous to lecithinfractions derived from plant materials. The New Lipid Formulation A, C,E, G, I and S and Cyanithins A, C, E, G, I and S can be combined orfortified with specific nutrients to provide targeted health benefitsfor both general health and specific ailments involving mitochondrialdamage and cell membrane damage.

In addition, each Cyanithin formula can be enriched with particularfatty acids suited for an intended end purpose. For instance, CyanithinS can be enriched with oleic acid for neural health. Cyanithin C and Gcan be enriched in linoleic acid for mitochondrial health. Cyanithin Gcan be enriched in palmitic acid for lung and skin health.

In addition, the feedstocks used to produce the different Cyanithins canbe chosen to be enriched in a particular fatty acid to produce a higheryield of the phospholipid intended for a given purpose, for example tomatch the natural biological endpoint). For instance, the feedstock forPS can be rich in oleic acid. Current art uses soy phospholipids forfeedstock; however, using canola or another high-oleic acid contentfeedstock will yield more “correct” 18:1 PS. In another instance, thefeedstocks for treatment of mitochondrial and cardiac disease targetinghealthy cardiolipin preferably have a high linoleic acid concentration.

Nutrient and probiotic compositions that increase mitochondrial functioncan also increase the bioavailability of virtually all nutrients throughat least the three specific means listed below and the phospholipidformulations and Cyanithins can be improved by adding specific orgeneral mixtures of fatty acids, or other specific or general lipids,producing new combinations referred to as Compositions.

First, the New Lipid Formulations A, C, E, G, I and S and the Cyanithinsand Combinations provide cell and mitochondrial lipids that increase thetransport of nutrients such as vitamins, antioxidants, glucose, andothers. The lipids that are provided replace damaged or missing lipidsin membrane structures and restore and revitalize the ability of cellsand mitochondria to pass molecules of vital interest into and out ofcellular and subcellular compartments.

Second, New Lipid Formulations A, C, E, G, I and S and the Cyanithinsand Combinations increase cellular energy required for cellulartransport and other functions by repairing mitochondrial membranes andthereby increase the efficiency of electron transport to produce highenergy molecules, such as ATP and NADH.

Third, New Lipid Formulation A, C, E, G, I and S and the Cyanithins andCombinations can be fortified with probiotic and prebiotic nutrientsthat foster healthy bacteria in the digestive tract. Specificallytargeted species of bacteria facilitate the passage of nutrients andlipids from the digested matter in the digestive tract successfullythrough the walls of the digestive system and into the circulatorysystem. The combination of increased bioavailability as a result ofincreased absorption from the digestive system as well as increasednutrient absorption through individual cells and subcellular structuresrepresents a novel and important advance in pharmaceutical andnutraceutical science. These material can be incorporated within thechewable wafers described herein.

Evaluation of NT Factor (NT1)

NT Factor (NT1) has been tested to determine its effectiveness inreversing the myriad maladies associated with mitochondrial aging andlipid remodeling. Of particular relevance is the reversal of thenegative side effects of chemotherapy. Chemotherapy causes excesscellular oxidative stress through the intentional production of reactiveoxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) that aretargeted toward cancer cells. Additionally, many cancers cause anincrease in reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species(RNS). Oxidative stress also causes undesirable side effects in normalcells and is indicated as a factor in natural or premature aging,chronic fatigue, and others. (Nicolson, G. L. Lipid replacement therapy:a nutraceutical approach for reducing cancer-associated fatigue and theadverse effects of cancer therapy while restoring mitochondrialfunction. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 29(3): 543-552 (2010); Nicolson, G. L.“Metabolic Syndrome And Mitochondrial Function: Molecular ReplacementAnd Antioxidant Supplements To Prevent Membrane Oxidation And RestoreMitochondrial Function”. J. Cell. Biochem. 100: 1352-1369 (2007);Nicolson, G. L. and Ellithorpe, R. “Lipid Replacement And AntioxidantNutritional Therapy For Restoring Mitochondrial Function And ReducingFatigue In Chronic Fatigue Syndrome And Other Fatiguing Illnesses”. J.Chronic Fatigue Syndr., 13(1): 57-68 (2006)).

The ability to reverse the side effects of chemotherapy provides anindication of possible success in addressing other problems associatedwith oxidative stress in humans and other species. Examples of diseasesand syndromes where mitochondrial function is impaired are:neurodegenerative diseases (ALS, MS, Alzheimer's Disease, Parkinson'sDisease, peripheral neuropathies, etc.) and other neurologicaldisorders, PAD, stroke, chronic pain, neurobehavioral diseases (ASD,ADD, ADHD, Asperger's Syndrome, etc.), Metabolic Disease and Diabetes,Coronary Heart Disease-ASHD, Vascular Diseases, Autoimmune Diseases,Rheumatic Diseases such as RA, osteoarthritis, Lupus, Scleroderma,Polymyositis, Bursitis, Fatiguing Illnesses such as CFS, FibromyalgiaSyndrome, Gulf War Illness, Asthma and other respiratory disorders, GIdisorders such as IBS, IC, CD, fertility, pregnancy and neonatology,hearing loss, chronic infections (such as hepatitis, prostatitis,urinary and bladder infections, mycoplasma, chlamydia, HIV etc.),stress, all forms of surgery such as organ transplant, tissue repair,reconstructive surgery, all forms of cancer, vision care, dental care,alcoholism, aging, etc.

NT Factor (NT1) has been tested in both human clinical studies andanimal models. Seidman et al. found that NT Factor prevented hearingloss associated with aging in 18-20 month old rats. NT Factor shiftedthe threshold hearing from 35-40 db in controlled aged animals to 13-17db in the test group. The results were significant (p<0.005). They alsofound that NT Factor preserved cochlear mitochondrial function asmeasured in Rhodamine-123 transport assays, increasing mitochondrialfunction by 34%. Rhodamine-123 is transported into mitochondria where itis reduced only under conditions where mitochondria are fullyfunctional. (Seidman, M., Khan, M. J., Tang, W. X., et al. Influence oflecithin on mitochondrial DNA and age-related hearing loss. OtolaryngolHead Neck Surg. 127: 138-144 (2002)).

NT Factor (NT1) has been used in a vitamin and mineral mixture (Propax™;www.propax.com) in cancer patients to reduce the effects of cancertherapy, such as chemotherapy-induced fatigue, nausea, vomiting andother side effects associated with chemotherapy (Colodny L., Lynch K.,Farber C., Papish S., et al. JANA 2:17-25, 2000).

In a twelve week double-blinded, crossover, placebo controlled,randomized trial on cancer patients receiving chemotherapy, Propax™(containing NT Factor) supplementation resulted in improvement fromfatigue, nausea, diarrhea, impaired taste, constipation, insomnia andother quality of life indicators. Sixty-four percent (64%) of thepatients in the study reported significant improvement in these andother chemotherapy-induced side effects and an additional 29% showedbeneficial results as evidenced by a stabilization of side-effects (nofurther increase in side effects). In subsequent treatment of thecontrol group with the Propax™ supplements used in the study, thepatients now receiving the Propax™ supplement reported rapid improvementin nausea, impaired taste, tiredness, appetite, sick feeling and otherindicators. Propax™ including NT Factor was used in a pilot study withseverely fatigued, aged subjects (>60 years-old) with a variety ofclinical diagnoses to reduce fatigue, as measured by the Piper FatigueScale (Piper B. F., Linsey A. M., Dodd, M. J. Oncol. Nursing Forum,14:17-23, 1987; Piper B. F., Dribble S. L., Dodd M. J. Oncol. NursingForum, 25:667-684, 1998). It was found that fatigue was reducedapproximately 40%, from severe to moderate fatigue, after eight weeks ofusing Propax containing NT Factor. The results were highly significant(p<0.0001) (Ellithorpe R. R., Settineri R., Nicolson G. L. JANA,6(1):23-28, 2003).

Another study examined the effects of NT Factor (NT1) on fatigue inmoderately and mildly fatigued subjects. The study was designed todetermine if their mitochondrial function, as measured by the transportand reduction of Rhodamine-123, in concert with improvements in fatiguescores, improved with administration of NT Factor. The results of thisclinical trial are shown in FIG. 6 (Agadjanyan, M., Vasilevko, V.,Ghochikyan, A., Berns, P., Kesslak, P., Settineri, R. A. and Nicolson,G. L.; Nutritional Supplement (NT Factor) Restores MitochondrialFunction and Reduces Moderately Severe Fatigue in Aged Subjects. J.Chronic Fatigue Syndr., 11(3): 23-36 (2003)).

After eight or twelve weeks of NT Factor, there was a 33% or 35.5%reduction in fatigue, respectively. The results obtained using avalidated instrument for measuring fatigue were highly significant(p<0.001). In the lipid replacement trial with moderately fatiguedpatients reductions in fatigue paralleled the significant gains inmitochondrial function. In addition, there was good correspondencebetween fatigue and mitochondrial function (FIG. 6). Mitochondrialfunction was significantly (p<0.001) improved by the use of NT Factorfor just eight weeks.

After 12 weeks of NT Factor use mitochondrial function was similar tothat found in young, healthy adults (FIG. 6). 12 weeks after NT Factoruse was discontinued, the subjects' fatigue and mitochondrial functionwas re-measured. Their fatigue and mitochondrial function wereintermediate between the starting values and those found on eight or 12weeks of NT Factor, indicating that continued use of the supplement islikely required to maintain lower fatigue scores and show improvementsin mitochondrial function. The results indicate that mitochondrial lipidreplacement therapy can significantly restore mitochondria function(Nicolson, G. L. and Ellithorpe, R. J. Chronic Fatigue Syndr., 13(1):57-68, 2006).

Based on these studies, it was concluded that the decline of energyproduction with aging and in certain disease conditions appears to berelated, in part, to mitochondrial membrane lipid peroxidation by ROSand RNS and the failure to repair or replace the damaged membranemolecules. Membrane damage and subsequent mitochondrial dysfunction byROS can also lead to modifications (especially mutations and deletions)in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). The mitochondrial theory of aging proposesthat the development of chronic degenerative diseases is the result, inpart, of accumulated mtDNA mutations and deletions and oxidative damageto mitochondrial membranes over time (Wei Y. H., Lee H. C. Exp. Biol.Med., 227:671-682, 2002; Sastre J., Pallardo F. V., Garcia de laAsuncion J., Vina J., Free Radical Res 32(3): 189-198, 2000; Kowald A.Exp. Gerontol., 34:605-612, 1999).

These studies link the development of certain chronic diseases with thedegree of mitochondrial membrane lipid peroxidation and mtDNA damage.Thus the damage to mtDNA and mitochondrial membranes seems to beinvolved in the etiology of age-associated degenerative diseases leadingto changes in the expression of genes important for cell survival aswell as the phenomenon of aging itself. Restoration of mitochondrialmembrane integrity and fluidity are important for the optimalfunctioning of the electron transport chain. Declines in energyproduction with aging and disease coupled with increases in oxidativestress can modify membrane lipids and increase mitochondrial membranepermeability and activate cellular death programs (apoptosis) (Koboska,J., Coskun, P., Esposito, L., Wallace, D. C. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA98:2278-2283, 2001). Together these factors likely play a major role inthe aging process and they also affect the development of age-relateddegenerative diseases (Johns, D. R. N. Engl. J. Med. 333: 638-44, 1995).

Effects of New Lipid Formulation on Fatigue Reduction within One Week

Previous studies of the original proprietary formulation of NT Factor(the composition shown in Table 1) showed reduction of fatigue at twoand three month intervals. However, significant and unexpectedimprovements in the level of change and the rapidity of improvement wasfound utilizing a New Lipid Formulation listed in Table 2 below (alsoreferred to herein as NT2).

TABLE 2 NEW LIPID FORMULATION (NT2) Percent 18:2 Species Percent Total*(LINOLEIC ACID) DGDG 5.88 1.23 MGDG .301 .149 PG 2.37 .275 Lyso-PG .057.023 PC 31.62 11.61 Lyso-PC .982 .614 PE 18.86 6.86 Lyso-PE .698 .350 PI24.87 3.30 PS .471 .067 PA 13.88 5.63 Total 99.99 30.11

A clinical study was conducted to measured fatigue levels at the end ofone week post-treatment. An online survey for fatigue was used to assessthe effects of the New Lipid Formulation in combination with anantioxidant/vitamin mixture, the combination referred to as NT2B-Vitamin Complex. The NT2 B-Vitamin Complex used in the study comprisedNT2 with the addition of an antioxidant/vitamin mixture as listed belowin Table 3:

TABLE 3 NT2 B-Vitamin Complex % Daily Dose Size 5 Tablets Daily AmountPer Daily Dose Value** Vitamin E (as d-alpha tocopheryl succinate, 50 IU167% mixed tocopherols) Thiamin (Vitamin B-1) (as thiamine HCl) 3.75 mg250% Riboflavin (Vitamin B-2) 4.25 mg 250% Niacin (Vitamin B-3) (asniacinamide, niacin) 100 mg 500% Vitamin B-6 (as pyridoxine HCl) 10 mg500% Folate (as folic acid) 800 mcg 200% Vitamin B-12 (asmethylcobalamin, 1,000 mcg 16,667% cyanocobalamin) Biotin 750 mcg 250%Pantothenic acid (as d-calcium pantothenate) 25 mg 250% Calcium (asdicalcium phosphate, carbonate, 400 mg 40% pyruvate, borogluconate,ascorbate and d-Calcium pantothenate) Phosphorus (as dicalciumphosphate) 125 mg 13% Magnesium (as magnesium oxide) 125 mg 31%OptiMSM ™ Methylsulfonylmethane 364 mg † Alpha Keto Glutaric Acid 300 mg† L-Carnipure ® L-Carnitine L-tartrate 225 mg † L-Tyrosine 150 mg † NT 24,000 mg † † Daily Value not established. **Daily Values are based on a2,000 calorie per day diet. Other ingredients: Vegetable stearic acid,croscarmellose sodium, vegetable stearate, microcrystalline cellulose,silicon dioxide, pharmaceutical glaze.

The NT2 B-Vitamin Complex significantly reduced fatigue as gauged by thePiper Fatigue Scale (PFS) (a validated survey instrument which wasadapted to online use) within one week by a mean of 36.8% (p<0.001) in agroup of 67 subjects with mean age of 57.3 years and various levels offatigue. This is a significant improvement over the results using the NTFactor formulation described above. There was no difference between theresponse of males and females to the supplement and no adverse eventsoccurred during the study.

Test subjects had a measurable fatigue (3-10 on the PFS). Eachparticipant took the suggested daily dose divided into 3 tablets in themorning and 2 at night of the NT2 B-Vitamin Complex (the compositiondescribed above) for one week. All subjects repeated the PFS assessmentat the end of the first week on line without access to their previousscores. The PFS is composed of 22 numerically scaled questions ratedfrom 0 (no fatigue) to 10 (severe) fatigue. These questions measure fourdimensions of subjective fatigue: behavioral/severity (6 questions);affective/meaning (5 questions); sensory (5 questions); andcognitive/mood (6 questions). The answers are used to calculate the foursub-scale/dimensional scores and the total fatigue scores. Thestandardized alpha (Cronbach's alpha) did not drop below 0.90 for any ofthe subscales, and the standard alpha for the entire scale of 22questions was 0.96, indicating excellent reliability for an establishedinstrument.

The NT2 B-Vitamin Complex improved the overall fatigue scores ofmoderately fatigued subjects as measured by the PFS (Table 4). Theinitial PFS group average (mean±standard error mean) total fatigue scorewas 9.56±0.36, and after one week of supplement this improved to6.02±0.295 or a 36.8% reduction in fatigue. The mean decrease in fatiguevalue was significant by t-test (p<0.001) and Wilcoxon signed-rank(p<0.001) analyses. There were no adverse events during the course ofthe study.

The Piper Fatigue Scale can be further dissected into subcategories thatinclude overall fatigue, behavior/severity, affective meaning, sensoryand cognitive/mood (Table 5). All of these subcategories showedreductions of 34.6% to 40.6% at the end of the one-week trial,indicating that there were improvements in all subcategories of fatigue.

The NT2 B-Vitamin Complex formula resulted in a 35.4% reduction infatigue by the end of one week. In comparison, the prior available NTFactor formula (NT1) (Table 1) required 8 to 12 weeks to effect a lesseror equivalent fatigue reduction. This finding is a substantialimprovement over prior performance of an older, different lipidformulation with the new NT2 B-Vitamin Complex formula as describedherein.

TABLE 4 Results from Piper Fatigue Scale Survey with the NT2 B-VitaminComplex Treatment Mean Fatigue Mean Age ± Level ± S.E.M. PercentCategory n S.E.M. Day 0 Day 7 Reduction Male 31 59.2 ± 2.4 4.3 ± 0.202.8 ± 0.18 34.4 Female 36 55.6 ± 2.0 4.4 ± 0.25 2.7 ± 0.20 39.2 Allsubjects 67 57.3 ± 1.5 4.3 ± 0.16  2.8 ± 0.13*^(#) 36.8 *t-test p <0.001 ^(#)Wilcoxon signed-rank p < 0.001

TABLE 5 Results from Subcategories of the Piper Fatigue Scale Surveywith the NT2 B-Vitamin Complex Treatment Mean Fatigue Level ± S.E.M.Percent Category Day 0 Day 7 Reduction Overall Fatigue 4.3 ± 0.16 2.8 ±0.13 36.8 Behavior/Severity 4.8 ± 0.05 2.9 ± 0.03 37.8 Affective/Meaning4.3 ± 0.03 2.8 ± 0.05 34.6 Sensory 4.2 ± 0.04 2.7 ± 0.01 33.9Cognitive/Mood 4.1 ± 0.04 2.4 ± 0.02 40.6 (Nicolson, G. L., Ellithorpe,R., Ayson-Mitchell, C., Jacques, B and Settineri, R, Lipid ReplacementTherapy with a Glycophospholipid-Antooxidant-Vitamin FormulationSignificantly Reduces Fatigue Within One Week. J. American NutraceuticalAssociation, 13(1): 10-14 (2010))

Lipids Energy Drink (NT3) Survey Results

Following are test results for a new lipids liquid formulation, referredto herein as NT3, which contained only the phospholipid composition(NT2) listed in Table 2 above, delivered as a liquid energy drink.

TABLE 6 Lipids Energy Drink (NT3) Serving Size 2 FL OZ. Amount PerServing (59 ml % Daily value Calories 3.65 <2.0% Calories from Fat 2.55† Calories from Saturated Fat 0.00 † Total Fat: 0.27 g <2.0% SaturatedFat 0.06 g <2.0% Trans Fat 0.00 g † Monounsaturated Fat 0.03 g †Polyunsaturated Fat 0.17 g † Cholesterol 0.00 mg <2.0% TotalCarbohydrates 0.06 g <2.0% Dietary Fiber 0.00 g <2.0% Sugars 0.02 g †Sugar Alcohols 0.00 g † Other Carbohydrates 0.04 mg † Sodium 0.16 g<2.0% Protein 0.00 g 0 NT Lipids 3 600.00 mg † † Daily Value notestablished. **Daily Values are based on a 2,000 calorie per day diet.Other ingredients: Purified Water, Innulin, Safflower Oil, Natural MixedBerry Flavor, Stevia, Red Beet, Citric Acid

The effects of the Lipids Energy Drink (NT3) were evaluated on apopulation of 55 volunteers (29 men and 26 women) with an average age of56 years. This study was performed to determine the effects of thisnewly formulated composition of phospholipids on energy levels, fatigue,cognitive function and mental clarity. 600 mg of the formula wassuspended in two ounces of water with mixed berry flavoring along withstevia as a sweetener. Specific lipids described herein wereadministered in a two ounce drink to a general population of twenty-ninemen and women (average age of 56 years). Before the drink was given tothe subjects, they fill out the Piper Fatigue Survey questionnaire(PFS). Immediately after completing the survey each volunteer drank theNTF Lipid (NT5) supplement. Two hours post treatment they filled out thePFS questionnaire again. A supplementary questionnaire was also used inaddition to the PFS and filled out after the two hours post-treatmentperiod.

Results: PFS responses of pre and post treatment were compared andstatistically analyzed by means of a paired two-tailed t-Test. Overallfatigue was reduced by 36.2% (P<0.0006) at the end of the two hour testperiod. The subscales of Behavioral/Severity, Affective/Meaning,Sensory, and Cognitive/Mood were reduced after NT3 administration by32.3% (P<0.0007), 34.1% (P<0.0016), 29.8% (P<0.024) and 27.6% (P<0.0001)respectively (Table 7). Ninety-one percent of the participants claimedthey felt a boost of energy within a several hour period after drinkingthe NT3 composition. The group scored a 59 percent improvement in energyor “energy increase,” a 68 percent improvement in mental clarity and a67 percent improvement in mental focus (FIG. 8).

TABLE 7 NT3 Lipids Piper Fatigue Survey Results Pre- Post- Parametertreatment treatment % Reduction P Value Overall Fatigue 3.29 ± 0.33 2.10± 0.25 36.2 <0.0006 Behavior/Severity 2.54 ± 0.10 1.72 ± 0.10 32.3<0.0007 Affective/Meaning 2.99 ± 0.14 1.97 ± 0.16 34.1 <0.0016 Sensory4.06 ± 0.42 2.85 ± 0.68 29.8 <0.0242 Cognitive/Mood 3.59 ± 0.11 1.88 ±0.10 47.6 <0.0001

Within the same trial, a supplemental questionnaire was answered by theparticipants two hour post treatment. Responses showed approximately 70%of the respondents experience increased energy, increased mentalclarity, increased mental focus and increased concentration within onehour after taking the supplement. (FIGS. 21, 22). Twenty-five percent ofthe test group reported a feeling of increased energy within 15 minutes,seven percent reported a feeling of increased energy within 30 minutes,twenty-one percent within 45 minutes and eighteen percent reportedincreased energy within one hour after taking the supplement (FIG. 23).

The ability to significantly affect a fatigue reduction (energyincrease) within a two hour period and the increased feeling of energy,mental clarity, mental focus and concentration by use of the NT5composition has shown improvement over prior art. It should be notedthat the prior NT Factor alone has not been found to be effective inthis short time frame. Previously NT Factor was studied in clinicalsetting for a minimum of two months where a 45% reduction in overallfatigue was shown compared to this recent study of significant reductionof fatigue within a two hour period.

These data show a perception of increased energy and cognitive functionwithin several hours after taking the Lipids Energy Drink NT3supplement. This study reveals an improvement over prior art, utilizingthe Lipids Energy Drink (NT3) phospholipid formula by demonstratingrelatively immediate beneficial responses as opposed to the prior lipidcomposition (NT1) which required two to three months, as reported inprevious proprietary phospholipid formulae studies, to obtain comparableanti-fatigue results.

TABLE 8 LIPIDS WITH ADDITION OF PHASEOLUS (NT4) Serving Size 2 Tablets %Daily Amount Per Serving Value** Calcium (as dicalcium phosphate,calcium pyruvate, 79 mg 7.9% calcium borogluconate, calcium ascorbate)Phosphorus (as dicalcium phosphate) 60 mg   6% NT 2 500 mg  † WhiteKidney Bean Extract (phaseolus vulgaris) 500 mg  † OptiMSM ® 46 mg † †Daily Value not established. **Daily Values are based on a 2,000 calorieper day diet. OptiMSM ® is a dietary food supplements containingmethylsulfonylmethane available from Cardinal Associates, Inc. VancouverWashington Other ingredients: Dicalcium phosphate, microcrystallinecellulose, vegetable stearic acid, vegetable stearate, croscarmellosesodium, silicon dioxide, pharmaceutical glaze.Effect of NT2 Lipids with Addition of Phaseolus (NT4) on Weight, Girth,Body Mass, Appetite and Fatigue

A weight loss clinical trial using an all natural oral supplementmixture containing an FDA-approved amylase inhibitor is describedherein.

The objective was to determine if subjects could safely lose weightwithout increasing appetite and fatigue and without changing eating orexercise patterns or using drugs, herbs or caffeine. A two-month openlabel clinical trial was initiated with 30 patients who used an oralmixture (Healthy Curb™) of NT4 comprising an amylase inhibitor (500 mgwhite kidney bean extract) plus 500 mg of NT2 thirty minutes before eachmeal. Weight and measurements were taken weekly, appetite was assessedand fatigue was determined using the Piper Fatigue Scale (Piper B F,Dribble S L, Dodd M J, et al. The revised Piper Fatigue Scale:Psychometric evaluation in women with breast cancer, Oncol Nursing Forum1998; 25:667-684). Sixty-three percent of the participants lost anaverage of 6 pounds along with 2.5 and 1.5 inch reductions in waist andhip circumference, respectively, and the entire group of participantslost an average of 3 pounds with average reductions of 1.5 and 1 inchwaist and hip circumference, respectively. Participants experiencedgradual and consistent weight loss along with waist and hip, body massindex (BMI) and basal metabolic rate (BMR) reductions during the entiretrial. There was a 44% reduction in overall hunger with reduced cravingsfor sweets evidencing the occurrence of notable appetite suppression.Using the Piper Fatigue Scale the entire test group showed an average of23% decrease in overall fatigue. Blood lipid profiles generallyimproved, suggesting improved cardiovascular health, and no adverseeffects were noted clinically or found in blood chemistry (Nicolson, G.L., Ellithorpe, R., and Settineri, R. Dietary Supplement Healthy Curbfor Reducing Weight, Girth, Body Mass, Appetite And Fatigue WhileImproving Blood Lipid Values With NTFactor Lipid Replacement Therapy. J.Invest Myalgic Encephalomyelitis 3(1): 39-48 (2009). While the articletitle refers to NT Factor the lipid composition used was NT2, not NT1).

Conclusions: The vast majority of the subjects in this trial lostweight, showed decreased waist and hip measurements and overall bodymass. Their overall fatigue was reduced, and they experienced markedappetite suppression. The NT2 formulation was found to be completelysafe and void of any side effects and was extremely well tolerated andappears to be a safe and effective means for people to manage weightwithout changes in eating or exercise patterns.

Weight and Girth Reduction: The entire group of participants lost anaverage of 3 pounds (FIG. 9) with average reductions of 1.5 and 1 inchesin hip and waist circumference, respectively (FIGS. 10, 11). Sixty-threepercent of the participants (responder group) lost an average of 6pounds (FIG. 12) along with 2.5 and 1.5 inches reduction in hip andwaist circumference, respectively (FIGS. 13, 14), and participantsexperienced gradual and consistent weight loss along with waist and hipreductions during the entire trial.

Body Mass Index Reduction: Body mass index (BMI) was calculated as theweight (in pounds) times 703 divided by height (inches) squared. Therewas a reduction in average BMI in the entire group of 0.18 (FIG. 15) andin the responder group of 0.49 (FIG. 16).

Basal Metabolic Rate Reduction: Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) uses thevariables of height, weight, age and gender to calculate a rate ofresting metabolism. The overall change in BMR and change in theresponder group are shown in FIGS. 17, 18. These were calculated asfollows:

Women: BMR=655+(9.6×weight in kilos)+(1.8×height in cm)−(4.7×age)

Men: BMR=66+(13.7×weight in kilos)+(5×height in cm)−(6.8×age in years)

Appetite Suppression: There was a 44% reduction in overall hunger (FIG.19) with reduced cravings for sweets; therefore, notable appetitesuppression occurred.

Fatigue Suppression: Using the Piper Fatigue Scale the entire test groupshowed an average of 23% decrease in overall fatigue during the trial(FIG. 20).

Blood Lipid Profiles: Blood lipid profiles generally improved (Table 9),suggesting improved cardiovascular health, and no adverse effects werenoted clinically or found in blood chemistries (data not shown).

TABLE 9 BLOOD LIPID CHEMISTRY Measurement Day 0 Day 60 Glucose 104.8mg/dl 104.4 mg/dl Cholesterol 209.6 mg/dl 200.7 mg/dl Triglycerides142.6 mg/dl 129.2 mg/dl HDL  56.9 mg/dl  58.0 mg/dl LDL (Calc) 124.2mg/dl 116.8 mg/dl VLDL (Calc) 28.5 mg/dl 25.8 mg/dl Cholesterol/HDLRatio 3.9 3.7 HDL/LDL Ratio 2.4 2.1

Participants experienced gradual and consistent weight loss along withwaist and hip, body mass index (BMI) and basal metabolic rate (BMR)reductions during the trial. The NT2 use in this trial is an improvementover prior art and is shown for the first time to suppress appetite,control weight, increase energy and reduce fatigue. Furthermore, noadverse effects were reported, and blood chemistries and lipid analysesindicated that subjects actually had improved lipid profiles at the endof the trial.

While it has been generally shown that mitochondrial function can beimproved by delivery of phospholipids compositions, it is shown hereinthat the benefits of phospholipids delivery can be significantlyenhanced by a new phospholipid formulation (NT2). Further benefits canbe obtained by tailoring the composition to the specific organ, diseasestate or identified deficiency to be treated. This is not a mereoptimization of the composition. Instead it requires the preparation ofa specific combination of lipids and fatty acids as well as uniqueformulations obtained from new sources, including biological sources, toobtain a specific intended end result. As explained below, for normalfunctioning of each body organ and the cells within that organ, anorgan-specific combination of phospholipids is required. In additionthis organ-specific combination of phospholipids may be different, whenused to treat different diseases. In any event, delivery of selectedphospholipids to return the membrane, cell, organ or system to properphospholipid balance, irrespective of whether the change is a cause oreffect, is set forth herein as an effective approach to addressing thatabnormality.

While commercially available phospholipids can be combined to formdesired compositions for delivery to maintain normal phospholipidsbalance on a whole body basis or an organ specific basis or to addressspecific disease related phospholipids imbalances, an extraction,purification, fractionation and combination/composition procedure forplant, animal, fungal, algal, protozoan, and bacteria species is alsodisclosed herein. A lipid and phospholipid profile, which is enriched inspecific phospholipid fractions such as PG, is thus obtained. Thisprofile, aside from it being enriched in certain phospholipid fractionsis similar to that resulting from use of extraction processes onlecithin from egg yolks, soy beans, and other sources, These procedureswhen used on plant, animal, fungal, algal, protozoan, and bacteriaspecies can be used to prepare specifically desired compositions.

As an example, the composition of a particular embodiment of a New LipidFormulation comprises the following phospholipids: PC 19-29%, preferablyabout 24%, PE 15-25%, preferably about 20%, PA 3.5%-10%, preferablyabout 7%, P110-18%, preferably about 14%, PG 2-10%, preferably about 5%,glycolipids 10-20%, preferably about 15%, other phospholipids includingphosphatidylserine (PS) 5-11%, preferably about 8%, the balance beingother materials (all percentages listed herein are weight %.) for atotal weight, of about 1,350 mg per unit where a daily dosage may bemultiple units New Lipid Formulation A and Cyanithin A are enriched inphosphatidic acid and glycophospholipids based on phosphatidic acid. NewLipid Formulation C and Cyanithin C are enriched in phosphatidylcholineand glycophospholipids based on phosphatidylcholine. New LipidFormulation E and Cyanithin E are enriched in phosphatidylethanolamineand glycophospholipids based on phosphatidylethanolamine. New LipidFormulation G and Cyanithin G are enriched in phosphatidylglycerol andglycophospholipids based on phosphatidylglycerol. New Lipid FormulationI and Cyanithin I are enriched in phosphatidylinositol. New LipidFormulation S and Cyanithin S are enriched in phosphatidylserine andglycophospholipids based on phosphatidylserine. A de-oiled new LipidFormulation can be combined with triglyceride or other oils enriched inthe particular fatty acid that is desired for an endpoint Combinationproduct. For example, new Lipid Formulation A can be enriched with highlinoleic acid oils such as safflower, sunflower, or grape seed oil. NewLipid Formulation S can be enriched in high oleic oils such as canola,pecan and other oils The composition of a particular Combination A whichincludes New Lipid Formulation A enriched with linoleic acid (sourcedfrom safflower or sunflower) is listed in Table 10.

TABLE 10 COMBINATION A Species Percent Total* Percent 18:2 DGDG 3.341.23 MGDG 0.18 .149 PG 1.42 .275 Lyso-PG 0.03 .023 PC 18.97 11.61Lysp-PC 0.59 .614 PE 11.316 6.86 Lyso-PE 0.42 .350 PI 14.92 3.30 PS 0.28.067 PA 8.32 5.63 Total Phospholipids 51.67 24.48 (23.1) Safflower Oil40 65-88 Total Combination A 99.67 58-67

As an example and not a restriction, a PC-enriched source of lipids canbe obtained from either raw material or extracted lipids by theextraction described below and shown schematically in FIG. 4. An exampleof the process used for the extraction of lecithin to produce a NewLipid Formulation, such as NT2, comprises the following steps.

a) 120 grams of lecithin or a plant extract is combined with 6.25 to 25grams of a suitable acid (see below) in 250 to 320 ml of 90% ethanol/10%water solution (Step A).

b) The mixture is brought to a boil and then removed from the heat (StepB).

c) The cooled mixture separates into a solvent (liquid) fraction and aninsoluble fraction (Step C).

d) The solvent (liquid) fraction from Step C is cooled to 1° C. and thesolvent (liquid) fraction is separated from a second insoluble fractionwhich forms on cooling (Step D).

e) The insoluble fraction separated in Step C and the second insolublefraction from Step D are reserved for Step F below (Step E).

f) The solvent (liquid) fraction from Step D is concentrated, in Step E,by evaporating the ethanol/water mixture to leave a third solid fraction(Step F) Alternatively, the liquid fraction from Step D is used directlyin Step H.

g) The insoluble fractions from Steps C and D are combined in 90 ml of80% ethanol/20% water with 1 to 4 grams of a suitable acid (see below)(Step G) and brought to a boil.

h) The boiled solution from Step G is cooled to 5.5° C. to separate thesolvent with dissolved material from the insoluble fraction (Step H) andthe insoluble fraction is discarded.

i) The solvent fraction from Step D (or the dried material afterevaporation in Step E) is combined with the solvent fraction from Step Gand the liquid is evaporated.

While 90/10 ethanol/water is specified in the procedure above, oneskilled in the art based on the teachings herein will recognize that abroad range of alcohol/water combinations can be use, including up to100% alcohol or even less than 10% alcohol, and other alcohols includingbut not limited to methanol, iso-propanol, butanol, etc., as well aschemically modified alcohols commonly used in solvent extractionprocedures can be used. Still further, combinations of alcohols andother alcohol compatible solvents can be used in place of water. Byvarying the composition of the alcohol extractant solution (varyingconcentrations or using different alcohols), the composition of theresultant lipid end product can also be tailored based on the solubilityof each lipid constituent to obtain the desired phospholipids in the endproduct.

The dried soluble fraction may be reconstituted, for example usingwater, glycerin, pantethine or other suitable carrier, or combined withother suitable carriers or excipients such as, but not limited todisintegrants, binders, drug solubilizers, coatings, fillers,antioxidants, antiadherents, diluents, flavors, colors, lubricants,glidants, preservatives, sorbents, sweeteners, texturants, fragrances,etc., to place the resultant phospholipids into a usable form. Oneskilled in the art will recognize the numerous alternative suitablecarriers or excipients. These include but are not limited to calciumstearate, crospovidone (PVP), dicalcium phosphate (DCP), hydroxypropylcellulose, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC), magnesium stearate,maltodextrin, MCC (microcrystalline cellulose), polyethylene glycol(PEG), silicon dioxide, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), sodiumcroscarmellose (CMC-Na), sodium starch glycolate, waxy maize starch. Thedried soluble fractions resulting from the process of FIG. 4 comprisethe various new Lipid Formulations when lecithin, plant materials,particularly oil seed precursors, or other lipid containing rawmaterials are used as a starting material.

Suitable acids for use in the FIG. 4 process include, but are notlimited to lipoic acid, piperic acid, Arrhenius acids, Bronsted acids,Lewis acids, monoprotic acids, polyprotic acids, weak acids, strongacids, mineral acids, sulfonic acids, carboxylic acids.

A second extraction process, shown schematically in FIG. 5, can beemployed using biological feedstocks to produce different newcompositions referred to as Cyanithins. In an embodiment of thisextraction the steps, with reference to FIG. 5, are as follows:

a) Supply a suitable feedstock (algal, bacterial . . . ). (step A)

b) The feedstock is extracted using a non-polar, non-toxic solventsuitable for processing food derivatives, with hexane being a preferredsolvent, at a sufficient temperature and for a sufficient time(approximately 30 min.-5 hours at room temperature to about 60° C.), toextract the soluble lipids and other soluble components from feed stock.(step B)

c) The extract-containing hexane solution is separated from theextracted feedstock using a centrifuge or the solid material is settledout or filtered from the liquid and the solid is discarded. (Step C)

d) The separated organic solution (hexane or other solvent withdissolved material (Step D) is exposed to a vacuum, nitrogen bubbling orother evaporative process to separate the solute which is an oilcontaining the lipids, the oil being free of the organic solvent. (StepE)

e) The oil is de-gummed by adding a small amount of water to the oil(Step F), mixing the water with the oil phase and separating the “gum”that forms (step G).

f) The gum material is dried or lyophilized to produce phospholipidsreferred to as Cyanithin. (Step H)

Further refinement of the phospholipid component (Cyanithin) can then bemade using the extraction protocol shown in FIG. 4.

The extraction procedure using non-polar solvent extraction to obtain alipid extract, followed by de-gumming the solvent-free oil with a smallamount of water to obtain the PL fraction (Cyanithins) can be applied toother feed stocks. Examples of various new feed stocks include plants,animals, single-celled organisms that are eukaryotes, single-celledorganisms that are prokaryotes, including algae, and yeast or fungi.Targeted microorganisms may include Bacteria, including: Aquifex,Thermotoga, Bacteroides, Cyophaga, Planctomyces, Cyanobacteria,Proteobacteria, Spirochetes, Gram positives, Green Filamentous bacteria,Pydrodicticum; Archea, including: Thermoproteus, T. celer,Methanococcus, Methanobacterium, Methanoscarcina, Halophiles; Eucaryotaincluding: Entamoebae, Slime molds, Animals, Fungi, Plants, Ciliates,Flagellates, Trichomonads, Microsporidia, and Diplomonads.

Further, the feed stocks can be selected for particular natural (oraltered) lipid profiles to directly provide enriched new compositions orCyanithins. For instance, species such as micro-algae that containphosphatidylglycerol may be selected as feedstock. Lipids that aresought in these microalgae species include the precursors to cardiolipinand phosphatidylglycerol and may include, phosphatidic acid,diacylglycerol, cytidine diphosphate diacylglycerol (CDP-DAG),glycerol-3-phosphate, 3-sn-phosophatidyl-1′-sn-glycerol 3′-phosphatidicacid, phosphatidylglycerol; complex lipoamino acids such asalanylphosphatidylglycerol and lysulphosphatidylglycerol,phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylthreonine; betaine lipids such asdiacylglyceryltrimethylhomoserine, diacylglycerylhydroxymethyltrimethyl-beta-alanine, anddiacylglycerylcarboxyhydroxymethylcholine; lysophospholipids such aslysophosophatidylglycerol, lysobisphosphatidylglycerol,lysophosphotidylcholine, lysophosphatidylserine; glycophospholipids suchas glycosyldiacylglycerols, phosphatidylglucose, sphingolipids.

In addition, the extracts obtained from these precursor feed stocks maybe enriched with suitable fatty acids such as palmitic acid, linoleicacid, alpha-linolenic acid, fatty acids 16:0, 18:0, 18:1; n-3 (omega-3);positions sn-1 and sn-2; 18:2 (n-6). Other acyl chains may be selecteddepending on the deficiency in the organ or organism being extracted.

Still further, cultured or natural growing conditions may be manipulatedby growing selected micro-algae under conditions that foster enrichmentof phosphatidylglycerol or result in other the presence of othertargeted lipids. For example, conditions that may be purposelymanipulated include, but are not limited to adjusting light and darkcycles, adjusting temperature of the growth medium; varying nutrientfactors such as manganese salts added to promote the metabolism oflipids, adjusting the pH of the growth medium; adjusting salinity of thegrowth medium; regulating or adjusting the concentration of the growingspecies and selecting a feedstock for adding to the growth culture allto enhance and maximize the production of phosphatidylglycerol or othertargeted lipids.

Cyanithin from microorganisms is a new class of supplements that areintended for replacing the characteristic lipids found intissue-specific mitochondrial membranes as well as tissue-specific cellmembranes. The extraction and enrichment of lipids, particularlyphospholipids, from micro-algae and other organisms offers a widevariety of phospholipids and glycophospholipids for treating specifichuman disorders. The phospholipid composition of different human organsvaries considerably. Specifically designed phospholipid profiles of theNew Lipid Formulations or Cyanithin, which can be enriched by additionof other compounds are preferred for restoring health for a variety oforgan-specific treatments or disease conditions, as well as in haltingor reversing the effects of aging and disease. FIG. 7 lists examples ofspecific organ or tissue phospholipid profiles. Table 21 lists examplesof various formulations to address specific diseases or organs. Examplesof specific diseases that can be treated with the new compositions aloneor in combination with Cyanithins, are addressed below.

Cyanithins and/or the newly disclosed compositions can be tailored withspecific phospholipid profiles for specific mitochondria or cellmembrane therapies depending on the disease and the organ or tissueaffected. On the other hand, the base extracts or Cyanithins (notadjusted for tissue specificity) can be used for example for generalhealth, anti-aging, improvement in quality of life and general diseasetreatment.

Lecithin and Cyanithin Preparation, Extraction, and Purification Process

With reference to FIGS. 4 and 5, methods for processing various naturalmaterials, for example, to enhance concentrations ofphosphatidylglycerol, comprises preliminary preparation, extraction orconcentration of a natural (biological) material, for examplemicroalgae.

Examples of various materials that can be processed include, but are notlimited to Bacteria, for example, Aquifex, Thermotoga, Bacteroides,Cyophaga, Planctomyces, Cyanobacteria, Proteobacteria, Spirochetes, Grampositives, green filamentous bacteria, Pydrodicticum; Archea, includingThermoproteus, Thermococcus celer, Methanococcus, Methanobacterium,Methanoscarcina, Halophiles; Eucaryota including: Entamoebae, Slimemolds, Animals, Fungi, Plants, Ciliates, Flagellates, Trichomonads,Microsporidia, and Diplomonads. These microalgae are preferred becausethey produce or possess limited quantities of undesirable compounds.

Examples of targeted compounds are cardiolipin and precursors tocardiolipin and phosphatidylglycerol which include, but are not limitedto, phosphatidic acid, diacylglycerol, cytidine diphosphatediacylglycerol (CDP-DAG), glycerol-3-phosphate,3-sn-phosophatidyl-1′-sn-glycerol 3′-phosphatidic acid,phosphatidylglycerol; complex lipoamino acids such asalanylphosphatidylglycerol and lysulphosphatidylglycerol,phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylthreonine; betaine lipids such asdiacylglyceryltrimethylhomoserine, diacylglycerylhydroxymethyltrimethyl-beta-alanine, anddiacylglycerylcarboxyhydroxymethylcholine; lysophospholipids such aslysophosophatidylglycerol, lysobisphosphatidylglycerol,lysophosphotidylcholine, lysophosphatidylserine; glycophospholipids suchas glycosyldiacylglycerols, phosphatidylglucose, sphingolipids.

These precursors can include suitable fatty acids such as palmitic acid,linoleic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, alpha-linolenic acid, fattyacids 16:0, 18:0, 18:1; n-3 (omega-3); positions sn-1 and sn-2; 18:2(n-6).

As a first step, water is removed from the microalgae or other material.The dry material is then frozen at a temperature between 373° K and 0° Kand maintained at a controlled pressure. Alternatively, the sample canbe boiled between 273° K and 400° K at a selected.

Alternative processing can include filtering or centrifuging the sampleto concentrate the sample and/or remove undesirable materials orfractions, solid and liquid phase, or organic and aqueous phases. As analternative, it can be adequate for the fractions to separate intodifferent layers caused by gravity or increased gravity.

Some of the undesirable compounds that may be found in less preferentialmicro-algae include microcystins, natural and exogenous toxins, toxicmetals, harmful oxidants, organophosphates and other pesticides orfertilizers, and nucleic acids. However, the less desired micro-algaecan be purified to reduce or remove these undesirable compounds forexample by enhancing the concentration of desirable components in onephase. The separation of fractions into different phases or layers canbe enhanced or caused by the addition of gaseous, liquid, or solidchemicals to the sample or subsequent phases or modifying separationconditions to decrease the concentration of undesirable components inone phase.

The species processed can be chosen specifically for its lipid profileto provide enriched target lipids for Cyanithin or new LipidFormulations A, C, E, G, I, or S.

The concentration, extraction, and purification of micro-algae,bacteria, single celled organisms, plants, plant extracts, animaltissues and animal extracts can provide concentrates of naturalantioxidants, proteins, and beneficial biomolecules. In addition,certain biological pigments, can be recovered including, but not limitedto chlorophyll-a, xanthophyll, beta-carotene, echinenone,myxoxanthophyll, zeaxanthin, canthaxanthin, diatoxanthin,3′-hydroxyechinenone, beta-cryptoxanthin, oscillaxanthin, plus thephycobiliproteins c-phycocyanin and allophycocyanin.

The lipid, phospholipid and phytopigment as well as other beneficialbiomolecule fractions obtained from the starting biological material,referred to as Cyanithin, are analogous to the lecithin fractionextracted from plants.

Three groups of experiments were performed to test various extractionprocedures on lecithin (Triticum species) as well as two species ofalgae (Spirulina and Chlorella). The extractions were conducted todetermine if there is any chemical reactivity during extractions withethanol, ethanol with glycerin, and ethanol with alpha-lipoic acid whencompared with a commercial lecithin starting material. The individualsamples were then analyzed for total major species of phospholipids,including DGDG, MGDG, PG, LysoPG, LysoPC, LysoPE, PC, PE, PI, PS, andPA.

In each extraction, the 120 grams of the starting material was placed ina test tube with solvent. The test tube was placed in boiling water forten minutes, followed by centrifuging at room temperature. The liquidextract was poured off and the residue was re-processed in alcohol, asin FIG. 4, or hexane followed as shown in FIG. 5, and the liquid extractwas recovered.

Example 1

The starting material was a commercially available lecithin (Triticumspecies).

Table 11 below lists the quantity of the identified phospholipids. Row Alists the quantities, in mgs, of the measured phospholipids in thestarting material. The starting material was boiled, cooled and theliquid phase separated from a solid residue. Rows B through G show thecompositions of the starting material after extraction using variousdifferent solvent combinations. Row B lists the concentrations of thevarious measured phospholipids in the liquid phase obtained by ethanolextraction. Row C lists the concentrations of the various measuredphospholipids recovered from the solids phase by hexane extraction. In alike manner row D shows the results of extraction of the liquid phaseusing an ethanol/glycerol solution and row E shows the concentrations inthe solid phase after the ethanol/glycerol extraction. Rows F and G showthe results for the liquid and solid phases following anethanol/α-lipoic acid extraction.

TABLE 11 LECITHIN EXTRACTED WITH ETHANOL, GLYCERIN, AND LIPOIC ACIDTotal L- L- L- nm/ # Sample DGDG MGDG PG PG PC PE PC PE PI PS PA mgs AComm. 37 2 15 >1 6 4 200 120 158 3 88 633 lecithin B EtOHE 23 2 12 >1 53 164 77 46 1 35 369 C EtOHH 8 >1 4 >1 >1 2 43 52 134 3 55 301 D GlycE31 2 13 >1 6 4 183 92 51 1 34 417 E GlycH 12 >1 5 >1 1 2 53 72 159 3 71377 F AlphaE 12 >1 5 >1 2 1 86 38 8 >1 11 164 G AlphaH 2 >1 1 >1 >1 >1 927 84 2 38 165 Sample size was 0.100 to 0.102 mg. Variability is due torecovery efficiency of extraction and analysis. The importantinformation obtained is not the quantity of each phospholipid; ofimportance is the ratio of phospholipids in each extraction. A: apowdered lecithin containing a high level of natural, functionalphospholipids from soybean lecithin B: 90% EtOH extraction; C: Hexanewash of solid phase from B; D: 90% EtOH + 5% glycerol extraction; E:Hexane wash of the solid phase from D F: 90% EtOH + α-lipoic acid G:Hexane wash of the solid phase from F

Examination of the data indicates that some species are of lesserimportance: The lyso-phospholipids, MGDG and PS do not individuallyrepresent more than 1% of any sample or extraction. Table 12 below liststhe quantity in grams of only the major constituents. Table 13 lists thepercent of the phospholipids in the liquid phase versus the solid phase.In the above Table 11 there is an extraction step missing for theα-lipoic acid extractions. See example 3 below for more comparable dataon α-lipoic acid extraction characteristics.

TABLE 12 COMPOSITION OF DIFFERENT PHASES Total, # Sample DGDG PG PC PEPI PA nm/mg A Commercial 37 15 200 120 158 88 633 lecithin B EtOHE 23 12164 77 46 35 369 C EtOHH 8 4 43 52 134 55 301 D GlycE 31 13 183 92 51 34417 E GlycH 12 5 53 72 159 71 377 DGDG is digalactosyldiacylglycerol.

TABLE 13 EFFICIENCY OF EXTRACTIONS (First extract versus total extract):# Sample DGDG PG PC PE PI PA A Commercial 37 15 200 120 158 88 lecithinB EtOHE 74% 75% 79% 60% 26% 39% D GlycE 72% 72% 78% 56% 24% 32%

The ethanol extraction preferentially extracts PG and PC from thelecithin, the process is about 50-60% efficient at extracting PE, andonly 25% efficient at extracting PI. Accordingly, ethanol extractionprovides a composition with enhanced quantities of PG and PC, about thesame concentration of PE while excluding PI. This is important becausePE and PI are the 3^(rd) and 2^(nd) major constituents of the startingmaterial behind PC which is the major constituent. Thus compositionswith greater amounts of PG and PC can be obtained which do not includePI. On the other hand, PI becomes concentrated in the solid phase.

Table 14 sets forth the percentages of the various measuredphospholipids in the starting material compared to the concentrations inthe extracts. The total phospholipid extraction from the startingmaterial using 95% ethanol extraction is 55% of the staring materialwhile 90% ethanol plus 5% glycerin extracts 53%.

TABLE 14 PERCENT COMPOSITION OF ETHANOL EXTRACTED LECITHIN VERSUSUNEXTRACTED LECITHIN: # Sample DGDG PG PC PE PI PA Total, % A Commercial6% 2% 32% 19% 25% 14% 98% lecithin B EtOHE 6% 3% 44% 21% 12%  9% 95% CEtOHH 3% 1% 14% 17% 44% 18% 99% D GlycE 7% 3% 44% 22% 12%  8% 96% EGlycH 3% 1% 14% 19% 42% 19% 98%

One skilled in the art will recognize that, based on the teachingsherein, repetitive extractions can further enhance the amounts ofsoluble phospholipids while reducing the quantity of the less solublephospholipids.

Example 2

The same procedure as described above was repeated with the samestarting material (commercially available lecithin) but with differentextraction liquids (or different concentrations).

Tables 15 and 16 list the quantities (grams) and percentages of thevarious phospholipids in each extraction.

TABLE 15 ETHANOL EXTRACTS OF LECITHIN AUGMENTED WITH GLYCERIN AND LIPOICACID L-PG- Total, # Sample DGDG PG PC&PE PC PE PI PA nm/mg 1A EtOH 13 129 160 64 28 25 311 2A EtOH + αL 14 12 9 168 78 26 27 335 3A EtOH + Gl 1110 6 125 67 34 23 278 4A Et + Gl + αL 14 12 7 146 79 43 27 329 1B EtOH 95 3 43 80 156 58 357 2B EtOH + αL 8 4 3 47 74 142 58 340 3B EtOH + Gl 84 3 44 67 133 55 316 4B Et + Gl + αL 7 3 3 36 55 107 44 256 Sample List:1A. 90% ethanol extraction 2A. 90% ethanol plus α-lipoic acid extraction3A. 85% ethanol plus 5% glycerol extraction 4A. 85% ethanol plusα-lipoic acid plus 5% glycerol extraction 1B. Hexane extract of1A-residual solids 2B. Hexane extract of 2A-residual solids 3B. Hexaneextract of 3A-residual solids 4B. Hexane extract of 4A-residual solids

TABLE 16 PERCENT COMPOSITION OF ETHANOL, GLYCERIN AND LIPOIC ACIDEXTRACTS L-PG- Total # Sample DGDG PG PC&PE PC PE PI PA % 1A EtOH 4% 4%3% 51% 21%  9%  8% 100%  2A EtOH + αL 4% 4% 3% 50% 23%  8%  8% 100%  3AEtOH + Gl 4% 4% 2% 45% 24% 12%  8% 99% 4A Et + Gl + αL 4% 4% 2% 44% 24%13%  8% 99% 1B EtOH 3% 1% 1% 12% 22% 44% 16% 99% 2B EtOH + αL 2% 1% 1%14% 22% 42% 17% 99% 3B EtOH + Gl 3% 1% 1% 14% 21% 42% 17% 99% 4B Et +Gl + αL 3% 1% 1% 14% 21% 42% 17% 99%

It was concluded that the extractions were affected by extractionconstituents primarily to the extent that the addition of glycerolreduces the amount of PC that is extracted in the first step.

Experiment 3-Extractions of Three Different Lecithin Starting Materials

TABLE 17 L-PG- Total, # Sample DGDG PG PC&PE PC PE PI PA mgs 1A Lecithin1 13 12 9 160 64 28 25 311 5A Liquid 17 14 9 164 86 28 16 336 Lecithin6A Lecithin 3 12 10 5 121 57 32 21 261 1B Lecithin 1 9 5 3 43 80 156 58357 5B Liquid 12 6 3 64 82 160 43 375 Lecithin 6B Lecithin 3 4 1 1 14 2798 22 170

TABLE 18 L-PG- Total, # Sample DGDG PG PC&PE PC PE PI PA % 1A Lecithin 14% 4% 3% 51% 21%  9%  8% 100%  5A Liquid 5% 4% 3% 49% 26%  8%  5% 100% Lecithin 6A Lecithin 3 5% 4% 2% 46% 22% 12%  8% 261 1B Lecithin 1 3% 1%1% 12% 22% 44% 16% 99% 5B Liquid 3% 2% 1% 17% 22% 43% 11% 99% Lecithin6B Lecithin 3 2% >1%  >1%   8% 16% 58% 13% 98%

All extractions identified as 1A-9A show the liquid phase concentrationsusing 90% ethanol on a boiled starting material; the samples identifiedas 1B-9B show the concentrations in materials recovered from the residuesolid phase from the ethanol extraction, by hexane extraction.

Based on the data in Tables 17 and 18 it was concluded the lecithin 1granules have slightly less PC than lecithin 3. Otherwise thecompositions are very similar. Liquid lecithin has a similar profile,but total phospholipids are much lower in the liquid lecithin.

Example 4 Extractions of Chlorella, Spirulina, and Lecithin 1 withSpirulina to Separate Cyanithins and Combinations

TABLE 19 Extractions of Chlorella, Spirulina, and Lecithin 1 withSpirulina L-PG- Total, # Sample DGDG MGDG PG PC&PE PC PE PI PA nm/mg 7AChlorella 41 166 13 >1 11 4 2 1 240 8A Spirulina 4 22 8 1 >1 >1 >1 >1 359A Alc + Spiru 11 11 12 17 104 57 38 4 253 7B Chlorella 120 >1 >1 >1 >1 >1 0 22 8B Spirulina >1 2 >1 >1 >1 0 0 0 2 9B Alc + Spiru4 2 1 1 12 11 48 38 117 Chlorella is a genus of single-celled greenalgae. Spirulina is a microscopic blue-green algae.

TABLE 20 Extractions of Chlorella, Spirulina, and Lecithin 1 withSpirulina L-PG- Total # Sample DGDG MGDG PG PC&PE PC PE PI PA % 7AChlorella 17%  69% 5% >1%  5%  2%  1% >1%  99% 8A Spirulina 11%  63%23%   3% >1% >1  >1  >1  100% 9A Alc + Spiru 4%  4% 5%  7% 41% 23% 15% 2%  97% 7B Chlorella 5% 91% >1%  >1% >1% >1% >1% 0  96% 8BSpirulina >1%  ~100%  >1%  >1% >1% 0 0 0 100% 9B Alc + Spiru 3%  2% 1% 1% 10% 10% 41% 32% 100% 7A. Chlorella 8A. Spirulina 9A. Lecithin 1 plusSpirulina 7B. Chlorella 8B. Spirulina 9B. Lecithin 1 plus Spirulina

Based on the data in Tables 19 and 20 it is concluded that Spirulina'spredominant phospholipid is PG, but the total lipid content and themake-up of the lipid acyl groups suggest that Spirulina alone is a lesspreferred source of lipids. Further co-extracting Spirulina and Lecithin1 did not evidence any lipid conversions.

Chlorella produced nearly 70% monogalatosyldiacylglyceride (MGDG) in thefirst extraction. This is of significance as it identifies anothersource for extraction and conversion to PG or PC. MGDG is the majorlipid in plastids (Douce R, Joyard J. Biochemistry and function of theplastid envelope. Annu. Rev. Cell Biol., 6:173-216, 1990.) Plastids areresponsible for photosynthesis, forming chloroplasts, chromoplasts, andleucoplasts (several forms of un-pigmented plastids). Plastids aresimilar to mitochondria in that they have their own DNA (circular, likemtDNA, with 75 to 250 kilobases). Eukaryotes like euglenaendosymbiotically engulf green algae, using the photosynthetic apparatusencased in two membranes. MGDG is polar but not charged—it does not formbilayers and may be the most abundant polar lipid in nature (Gounaris K,Barber J. Monogalactosyldiacylglycerol: The most abundant polar lipid innature. Trends in Biochemical Sciences, 8:10 378-381, 1983).

MGDG and DGDG both contain large amounts of linolenic acid (18:3n-3) andthe specific trienoic acid (16:3n-3). In higher plants, linolenic acidis so prevalent that these plants are called “18:3” plants. Inangiosperms, linolenic acid is concentrated in sn-1 and sn-2, and16:3n-3 is absent. Glycolipids act as surfactants.

Further analysis of acyl group composition in the MGDG fraction showsthat about 10% (17/166) is 34:5, while nearly 90% (138/166) is 34:4. Inaddition, DGDG is (29/42) 34:4 and (4/42) 34:5. The only othersignificant DGDG and MGDG are 36:4: (3.5/42) and (6/166), respectively.

The recovery of MGDG or the acyl groups associated with MGDG or DGDG inChlorella demonstrate that the extraction of chlorella, and possiblySpirulina, as well as other algae can be valuable sources for extractionto recover the desired phospholipids and that plant or bacterial productwith high percentages of the desired compounds can be isolated andextracted using the process set forth herein.

Monogalactosyldiacylglycerol containing two linolenic acid (18:3 n-3)acyl groups has been described in fruits of rose hips (Rosa canina) andwas shown to be an anti-inflammatory agent (inhibition of cellmigration). This may be directly related to the clinically observedanti-arthritis properties of rose hip herbal remedies (Larsen E et al.,J Nat Prod 2003, 66, 994).

Other studies reported that galactosyl diglycerides from various sourceshave antitumor-promoting (Shirahashi H et al., Chem Pharm Bull, 44, p1404, 1996), oxygen scavenging (Nakata K, J Biochem, 127, p 731, 2000),and virus neutralizing (Nakata K et al., J Biochem, 127, 191, 2000)activities. More recently, DGDG synthesized or isolated fromClinacanthus leaves from Thailand exhibited anti-herpes simplex virusactivity (Janwitayanuchit W et al., Phytochemistry, 64, p 1253, 2003).

Further, specific Cyanithin and Combinations or New Lipid Formulationscan be combined in many different formulations specifically tailored toaddress cellular, organ, or systemic diseases.

Still further, the specific Cyanithin and Combinations or New LipidFormulations can be combined with one or more nutrients, growth factors,or product formulations to synergistically generated health benefits andto enhance their health effect, or to enhance their bioavailability orenhance their solubility. The effects of adding the Compositions,Cyanithins or New Lipid Formulations to other formulations can increasethe individual cellular and subcellular capability to absorb nutrients;match the lipid profile of healthy targeted organs; combine phospholipidfractions of known type and acyl groups to match the lipid profile ofhealthy targeted organs; and provide the specific lipids for treatingmembranes of organisms, organs, cells, and subcellular components.

Probiotics can also be added to a formulation to enhance the absorptionof nutrients through the intestinal wall.

The prior NT Factor or New Lipid Formulations, Cyanithins andCombinations can be used alone or in combination for delivery using thenew chewable wafer composition. All of the above described compositions,previously available for delivery only in a liquid of gel composition,and the nutritional and medicinal benefits previously described, can nowbe provided in a convenient chewable composition as described hereinbelow.

The prior NT Factors, New Lipid Formulations or Cyanithins, alone or incombination, can be used in the chewable wafers. The amount of New LipidFormulations, Cyanithins, and Combinations in the food product ispreferably from at least 0.1 g/kg to 1000 g/kg.

The New Lipid Formulations, Cyanithins and Combinations alone or incombination, specifically formulated to address the phospholipidsdeficiencies or imbalances of various diseases may now be delivered inan edible wafer to treat the following diseases (provided as examplesand not to limit the scope of the invention):

Mitochondrial dysfunction diseases: Huntington disease, Kearns-Sayresyndrome, Leigh syndrome, Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON),migraine and encephalopathy, mental retardation, myoneurogenicgastrointestinal encephalopathy (MNGIE), neuropathy, ataxia, retinitispigmentosa, and ptosis (NARP); neuropathy, obesity, myoclonus epilepsywith ragged-red fibers, Parkinson's disease, stroke, subacute sclerosingencephalopathy, Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Adult onset Alexanderdisease, GFAP, NDUFV1, Alpers-Huttenlocher disease,Alzheimer/Parkinsonism—amino acid disorders, nuclear mutations;amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), anemia, ataxias, Barth: Tafazzins;Xp28, cardiomyopathy, carnitine disorders, Cartilage-Hair hypoplasia.CNS: Infantile & Childhood onset Syndromes: congenital musculardystrophy—nuclear mutation, cramps, deafness; Maternal (mtDNA): Pointmutations—Syndromic (HAM; MELAS; MERRF): tRNA; —Non-syndromic &amino-glycoside induced: 12s rRNA; Nuclear mutations: DIDMOAD: WFS1;4p16, deafness-dystonia: DDP protein; Xq22, diabetes, diabetes mellitusand deafness (DAD); dystonia, encephalopathies. Eye: blindness, gyrateatrophy, LHON, optic atrophy, Wolfram, WFS1, 4p16; WFS2, 4q22;ophthalmoplegia, external (PEO); Dominant: Multiple mtDNA deletions;Maternal: mtDNA point mutations; Recessive: mtDNA depletion; MultiplemtDNA deletions; Sporadic: Single mtDNA deletion; Immune (HyperThyroid);Fatigue & Exercise intolerance: fatal infantile myopathy with severemtDNA depletion; Finnish neonatal metabolic syndrome (GRACILE);Friedreich ataxia: Frataxin 9q13; functional defects, gastrointestinal,HAM: mtDNA tRNA Ser; Huntington's chorea, hypoglycemia, Infantile CNS:mtDNA & Nuclear mutations, Kearns-Sayre; Single mtDNA deletion: Leber'soptic neuropathy, (LHON); mtDNA: MTND genes, Leigh's syndrome; mtDNA &Nuclear mutations: Leukodystrophy. Longevity: maple syrup urine disease,MELAS: mtRNA Leu+other, Menkes: ATPase 7a; Xq12, MERRF: mtRNA Lys & Ser,MILS, MNGIE: Thymidine phosphorylase; 22q13, multiple symmetriclipomatosis: mtRNA Lys & nuclear; myalgias, myoglobinuria, myopathysyndromes, Infantile myopathies, Fatal: mtDNA depletion, “Later-onset”:mtDNA depletion, inflammatory myopathy, inclusion body myositis: MplmtDNA deletions, mtDNA depletion: “Later-onset;” PM+COX-muscle fibers:Mpl mtDNA deletions, NARP/MILS: mt ATPase6, neoplasms, neuropathysyndromes, CMT 2A2: MFN2; 1p36, CMT 2K: GDA P1; 8q21, CMT 4A: GDA P1;8q21, sensory neuropathy: recessive; sporadic, occipital horn syndrome:ATPase 7a; Xq12, Pancreas, paraganglioma, PGL1: SDH Subunit D; 11q23,PGL3: SDH Subunit C; 1q21, PGL+Pheochromocytoma: SDH Subunit B; 1p36,Parkinson's, Pearson's: mtDNA deletion, rhabdomyolysis: mtDNA, Seleniumdeficiency, Spastic paraparesis, SPG7: Paraplegin; 16q24, SPG13: HSPD1;2q24, SPG31: REEP1; 2p12, HHH: Ornithine transporter; 13q14, spinalmuscular atrophy: TK2; 16q22, Stuve-Wiedemann syndrome: 1p34, Suddeninfant death (SIDS): mtDNA tRNA Leu. Systemic disorders: Toxic: AZT(Zidovudine), copper, germanium, trichloroethylene, Valproate:precipitates seizures in MELAS, Wilson's disease: ATPase 7B; 13q14.

Diseases affecting the heart and cardiovascular system: Arrhythmias:atrial fibrillation, heart block including first-degree AV block,second-degree AV block, and complete AV block; premature atrial complex(PAC), atrial flutter, paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT),Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, premature ventricular complex (PVC),ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation, long QT syndrome.Cardiomyopathies: dilated cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy,restrictive cardiomyopathy. Angina: angina pectoris, stable angina,unstable angina, variant angina (Pinzmetal's angina). Heart valvediseases: mitral stenosis, mitral valve regurgitation, mitral valveprolapse, aortic stenosis, aortic regurgitation, tricuspid stenosis,tricuspid regurgitation. Other heart diseases: myocarditis, rheumaticheart disease, pericarditis, syncope, cardiac tumors such as myxoma.Vascular diseases: aortic aneurysm, aortitis, artiosclerosis includingarteriosclerosis obliterans, atherosclerosis, aortic dissection, highblood pressure including essential hypertension, secondary hypertensionand malignant hypertension; stroke, transient ischemic attack, arterialembolism, acute arterial occlusion, Raynaud's phenomenon, arteriovenousfistula, vasculitis, thoracic outlet syndrome, venous thrombosis, deepvein thrombosis, thrombophlebitis, varicose veins, spider veins,lymphedema.

Diseases affecting the brain: abcess, adenoma, agensis of corpuscallosum, alzheimers, anencephaly, aneurysm, anoxia, Arnold ChiariMalformation, astocytoma, atrophy, colloid cyst, contusion, edema,encephalocele, ependymoma, glioblastoma, Hemangioblastoma; hemmorrhage,intrventricular, germinal plate, intracerebral, petechial;holoprosencephaly, hydranencephaly, hydrocephalus, immature fetal brain,cerebral infarct, subacute infarct, middle cerebral artery infarct,hemmorhagic infarct, cystic cerebellar infarcts, infarcts of thecerebral hemispheres, Lewey body, lissencephaly, lymphoma, meningioma,meningitis, meningitis and IVH, metachromatic leukodystrophy, metastaticcarcinomas, multiple sclerosis, oligodendroglioma, polymicrogyria,porencephalic cyst, toxoplasma encephalitis, toxoplasma infection,tuberous sclerosis.

Diseases affecting the lungs include: Acute bronchitis, AcuteRespiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS), asbestosis, asthma,bronchiectasis, bronchiolitis, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, byssinosis,chronic bronchitis, coccidioidomycosis (Cocci), COPD, cystic fibrosis,emphysema, hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, histoplasmosis, humanmetapneumovirus, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, influenza, lung cancer,lymphangiomatosis, mesothelioma, nontuberculosis mycobacterium,pertussis, pneumoconiosis, pneumonia, primary ciliary dyskinesia,primary pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary arterial hypertension,pulmonary fibrosis, pulmonary vascular disease, respiratory syncytialvirus, sarcoidosis, severe acute respiratory syndrome, silicosis, sleepapnea, sudden infant death syndrome, tuberculosis. (From:http://www.lungusa.org/lung-disease/list.html)

Diseases affecting the central nervous system: Broca aphasia,cerebello-olivary degeneration of Holmes, choroid plexus papillomaKluver-Bucy syndrome, multiple sclerosis, locked-in syndrome, Parinaudsyndrome, pituitary adenoma, Wallenberg syndrome, Weber syndrome,Wernicke aphasia, Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, Wilson's disease.

Diseases affecting the liver: Acetaminophen use, acute liver failure,alcoholic liver disease, alcoholic hepatitis, blood vessel disorders ofthe liver, Budd-Chiari syndrome, enlarged liver, fatty liver. Gilbertsyndrome, jaundice, liver cysts, liver hemangioma, nonalcoholicsteatohepatitis, portal hypertension, primary sclerosing cholangitis,Zellweger syndrome.

Diseases affecting the kidneys, prostate and urogenital tract: Acidosis,acquired cystic kidney disease, Alport syndrome, amyloidosis, analgesicnephropathy, anemia in kidney disease, autosomal dominant polycystickidney disease, benign prostatic hyperplasia, chronic kidney disease,cystitis, cystocele, cysts, ectopic kidney, end-stage renal disease,enuresis, erectile dysfunction, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis,glomerar diseases, glomerulosclerosis, Goodpasture's syndrome,hematuria, hemodialysis, hemolytic uremic syndrome in children,Henoch-Schönlein purpura, hypertension, IgA nephropathy, impotence,incontinence, infection (bladder or kidney), interstitial cystitis,kidney cysts, kidney dysplasia, kidney failure, kidney transplantation,lupus nephritis, medullary sponge kidney, membranous nephropathy,mineral and bone disorder of chronic kidney disease, nephrotic syndromein adults, nephrotic syndrome in children, nerve disease and bladdercontrol, neurogenic bladder, nocturnal enuresis, painful bladdersyndrome, peritoneal dialysis, pessary, Peyronie's disease, prostatitis,proteinuria, pyelonephritis, renal artery stenosis, renal cysts, renalosteodystrophy, renal tubularar acidosis, stress incontinence,transplantation, urinary tract infections, urostomy, continent urinarydiversion, vesicoureteral reflux.

While there is published literature specifically describingmitochondrial dysfunction, it is believed that additional evidence willbe published showing that many of the diseases listed above notpresently indicated as mitochondrial dysfunction can also be consideredto involve mitochondrial dysfunction and can be treated as such. Upondetermination of the phospholipids deficiencies in each, based on theteachings herein, compositions containing the missing or deficientcompounds can be prepared and administered as set forth herein toaddress those deficiencies as a treatment for the disease ormalfunction.

In summary, but without limiting the scope of the inventions set forthherein, described herein are a broad range of plant and biological feedsources which contain phospholipids or phospholipids precursors.Processes have been described to extract and recover these lipids,particularly phospholipids or phospholipids precursors, from the variousfeed sources and to prepare tailored compositions having ratios andquantities of specific lipids, phospholipids or phospholipids precursorsfor delivery to patients to establish, maintain adjust or restore celland mitochondrial health in the human body, or a specific organ systemwithin the human body, or for treating a specific disease orphospholipid deficiency within human body.

As an example, new formulations comprising phospholipids obtained fromplant and biological materials, referred to herein as New LipidFormulations and Cyanithins, can be used to prepare formulations, suchas listed in Table 21, for addressing organ specific requirements, theseformulations included in the wafers as described below. Thesecompositions can be used to maintain organ heath or to reestablish organheath. Based on specific individual organ chemistry, obtained bydiagnostic techniques, blood tests and cell analysis, these formulationscan be further varied to enhance specific individual phospholipiddeficiencies.

TABLE 21 ORGAN SPECIFIC PHOSPHOLIPID COMPOSITIONS, %_(w)* New Lipid NewLipid New Lipid New Lipid Formulation Formulation G FormulationFormulation Treatment C or or Cyanithin G E or S or for: Cyanithin C &others Cyanithin E Cyanithin S Brain-grey 39 8 40 13 Brain-white 31 3716 16 Heart 40 31 26 3 Lungs 53 20 19 8 Liver 44 25 28 3 Kidneys 33 4224 1 Skeletal 48 23 26 3 muscle Plasma 70 27 3 — Platelets 40 23 28 9*These concentrations are guidelines and may constitute midpoints of arange, for example ±2%, or the top or bottom of a range, depending onthe specific organ.

Table 21 provides standard compositions designed to duplicate normalcompositions in the organs listed therein and maintain normal functionof the specified body organs. Variations (increases) in the quantitiesof the specific phospholipid in each composition are then provided basedon identified deficiencies, leading to an increase in the percentage ofa particular phospholipid in the composition provided by specific NewLipid Formulations or Cyanithins. For instance, for heart mitochondria,PG is present as cardiolipin at approximately 50%. In aged mitochondria,the acyl chains of the PG are replaced with primarily arachidonic acidand docosahexadecaenoic acid. PG, PG precursors or acyl chains (linoleicacid) are therefore provided in excess of the “normal” ratio ofphospholipids or acyl groups to compensate for any deficiencies. Fromabout 1% to about 5% phosphatidylinositol (PI) can also be included.Alternatively, the deficient species may be provided as a soletreatment. In a like manner, compositions are provided to addressdeficiencies or imbalances in the body or one or more organ systems as aresult of a disease, for example diabetes, which has systemicconsequences and can cause multiple and different organ lipiddeficiencies.

Identified herein are various phospholipids which are essential fornormal health and normal cell function or are present in properlyfunctioning body organs. Also shown herein are methods for generatingand isolating these phospholipids or combinations of phospholipids fromplant and biological sources. Still further, described herein chewablewafers for delivery of intended combinations of phospholipids formaintaining or restoring health, treating diseases or addressingmitochondrial dysfunction. These combination of phospholipids can bedelivered as standardized composition tailored to provide a desiredeffect (i.e., weight loss, fatigue, cognitive improvement, etc.) or toaddress specific diseases. Alternatively, the phospholipids canspecifically compounded to address specific individual deficienciesidentified by blood tests, cell analysis, or other diagnostic proceduresperformed on the individual to be treated.

Accordingly, in a first embodiment, compositions are disclosed which aredesigned, when delivered in clinically effective amounts in chewablewafers, for maintaining cell and mitochondrial health. Thesecompositions comprise a mixture of phospholipids or phospholipidsprecursors, wherein the ratio of the specific phospholipids in themixture added to the wafer components generally corresponds to the ratioof said phospholipids in the body of a healthy individual or areintended to produce a healthy phospholipid balance in the body.

In a second embodiment, compositions are disclosed for restoring celland mitochondrial health, these compositions comprising a mixture ofphospholipids or phospholipid precursors, in the wafer, the quantity andselection of phospholipids or phospholipid precursors therein beingchosen to restore the normal balance and improve tissues and organs ofthe body exhibiting deficits of phospholipids.

In a third embodiment, compositions for inclusion in the wafers aredisclosed for maintaining cell and mitochondrial health of a specificorgan system, for instance the heart, brain, liver, lungs, skeletalmuscles, etc., within the human body, the compositions comprisingmixtures of phospholipids or phospholipid precursors. The ratio of thespecific phospholipids or precursors thereof in the mixture generallycorresponds to the ratio of said phospholipids in that organ system of ahealthy individual and provide long-term maintenance of healthy membranephospholipid levels/content within tissues and organs in the body.

In a fourth embodiment, compositions are disclosed for restoring celland mitochondrial health to a specific organ system within the humanbody comprising a mixture of phospholipids or phospholipids precursors,the quantity and selection of phospholipids or phospholipids precursorsin the wafer being chosen to restore the normal balance of phospholipidswithin that organ system of the human body including enhanced quantitiesof individual phospholipids or phospholipid precursors to addressspecific deficiencies.

In a fifth embodiment, compositions are disclosed for treating aspecific disease or specific phospholipid deficiency within the humanbody. In that instance the quantity of, or the ratio of, the specificphospholipids or phospholipids precursors in the mixture added to thewafer is chosen to restore the balance of phospholipids within the humanbody of an individual to a level equivalent to that of an individual nothaving the specific disease or deficiency or, if appropriate, to provideadditional quantities to further enhance body functions and generalwellbeing.

Thus, preparation and delivery of proper phospholipid combinationssupports structure and function of cell membranes, provides fundamentalcomponents of cell membranes essential for proper growth, maturing andproper functioning of cells, influences membrane functions associatedwith membrane proteins to help correct imbalances and increases cellmembrane fluidity. Other benefits of delivery of the compositionsdisclosed herein are to:

-   -   repair cell membrane damage,    -   repair mitochondrial membrane damage,    -   increase mitochondrial function,    -   reduce fatigue,    -   promote systemic energy,    -   sustain cellular energy levels,    -   sustain long-lasting energy    -   improve quality of life and nerve function    -   support healthy structure and function of tissues, organs and        systems within the body,    -   support healthy cardiovascular function, improve digestive        function, support healthy    -   metabolism, help weight management, improve respiratory health,        support immune function,    -   promote mental clarity, mental focus, concentration,    -   support healthy cognitive function and healthy nerve function,    -   provide rapid feelings of increased energy,    -   provide anti-aging benefits by reducing mt dna deletions, and    -   support cellular detoxification.

Detailed Description of Wafer Formulation

In a preferred embodiment the wafer product includes inulin, caffeineand a lipid composition, generally referred to herein as NT FactorLipids. Several variations of NT Factor Lipids are described in U.S.patent application Ser. No. 13/208,255, incorporate herein in itsentirety by reference but the lipids for inclusion in the wafers is notlimited to the disclosed NT Factor Lipids. In addition, the wafers mayinclude other nutrients in addition to or as substitutes for the lipids.

Referring to FIG. 24, the lipid components of the NT Factor products areprepared by a wet granulation process which, in a preferred embodiment,includes coating with a rosemary extract to prevent lipid peroxidation.The resulting composition is then blended with inulin, which may beprovided by extracts from artichoke, followed by blending withpantethine and sodium borate to form the base composition. The caffeineand any other ingredients for a particular therapeutic composition arethen blended in to provide a final composition to be formed into awafer.

Once the blending process is complete, the wafer can be formed usingtypical binding compounds, such as listed below as inactive ingredientsor excipients, processing equipment and procedures standard in theindustry for edible wafer manufacturing, which in some instances must betailored to properly form wafers including the therapeutic composition.The powder blend of the therapeutic composition is fed into the feedhopper of a tableting machine by overhead fill, the powder is fed intothe tableting machine for the formation of 6 mm thick, ½ inch waferswhich are approximately 23 mm in diameter, the wafers are then packagedwithout being coated and then bottled in HDPE plastic bottles fordistribution to retailers or customers. However, the wafer size is notcritical and various different sized wafers may be provided. Also, theform of packaging, while preferred is not intended to limit the scope ofthe invention and other packaging techniques may be used.

In one preferred embodiment of the wafer useful for maintaining orrestoring cell and mitochondrial health in an individual thephospholipid component of the composition comprises a mixture containinginulin and having about 19-29% phosphatidylcholine (PC), 15-25%phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), 3.5%-10% phosphatidic acid (PA), 10-18%phosphatidylinositol (PI), phosphatidylglycerol (PG) 2-10%, 10-20%glycolipids and 5-11% other phospholipids including phosphatidylserine(PS), and more particularly about 7% phosphatidic acid (PA), 5%phosphatidylglycerol (PG), about 24% phosphatidylcholine (PC), about 20%phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), about 14% phosphatidylinositol (PI), andless than about 8% phosphatidylserine (PS) or precursors for suchphosphor lipids which are processed by the human body as the relatedphospholipids.

An embodiment for treating phospholipid deficiencies within the humancardiovascular system the phospholipid component of the wafercomposition comprises a mixture containing inulin and having at leastabout 29% to about 33% phosphatidylglycerol (PG), at least about 38% toabout 42% phosphatidylcholine (PC), at least about 24% to about 28%phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), and up to at least about 5%phosphatidylserine (PS) or precursors for PG, PC, PE or PS, and mayalternatively include from about 1% to about 5% phosphatidylinositol(PI).

In an embodiment for treating phospholipid deficiencies within the humanbrain the phospholipid component of the wafer composition comprises amixture containing inulin and having-least about 6% to about 39%phosphatidylglycerol (PG), at least about 29% to about 41%phosphatidylcholine (PC), at least about 14% to about 42%phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), and at least about 11%-18%phosphatidylserine (PS) or precursors for PG, PC, PE or PS, and fromabout 1% to about 5% phosphatidylinositol (PI).

In an embodiment for treating phospholipid deficiencies within the humanrespiratory system the phospholipid component of the wafer compositioncomprises a mixture containing inulin and having about 18% to about 22%phosphatidylglycerol (PG), at least about 51% to about 55%phosphatidylcholine (PC), at least about 17% to about 21%phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), at least about 6%-10% phosphatidylserine(PS) or precursors for PG, PC, PE or PS, and may alternatively includefrom about 1% to about 5% phosphatidylinositol (PI).

In an embodiment for treating phospholipid deficiencies within the humankidneys the phospholipid component of the wafer composition comprises amixture containing inulin and having about 40% to about 44%phosphatidylglycerol (PG), at least about 31% to about 35%phosphatidylcholine (PC), at least about 22% to about 26%phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), at least about 3% phosphatidylserine (PS)or precursors for PG, PC, PE or PS, and may alternatively include fromabout 1% to about 5% phosphatidylinositol (PI).

In an embodiment for treating phospholipid deficiencies within the humanskeletal system and muscles the phospholipid component of the wafercomposition comprises a mixture containing inulin and having about 21%to about 25% phosphatidylglycerol (PG), at least about 46% to about 50%phosphatidylcholine (PC), at least about 24% to about 28%phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), and up to at least about 5%phosphatidylserine (PS) or precursors for PG, PC, PE or PS, and mayalternatively include from about 1% to about 5% phosphatidylinositol(PI).

In an embodiment for treating phospholipid deficiencies in the plasmacomponent of human blood the phospholipid component of the wafercomposition comprises a mixture containing inulin and having about 25%to about 29% phosphatidylglycerol (PG), at least about 68% to about 72%phosphatidylcholine (PC) and at least up to about 5%phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), or precursors for PG, PC, PE or PS, andmay alternatively include at least about 1% to about 5%phosphatidylinositol (PI) and phosphatidylserine (PS).

In an embodiment for treating phospholipid deficiencies in the plateletcomponent of human blood the phospholipid component of the wafercomposition comprises a mixture containing inulin and having about 21%to about 25% phosphatidylglycerol (PG), at least about 38% to about 42%phosphatidylcholine (PC), at least about 26% to about 30%phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), and at least about 7% to about 11% and atleast about 1% to about 5% phosphatidylinositol (PI).

Composition 1

A phospholipid composition used as a starting materials is as follows:

TABLE 22 TYPICAL PHOSPHOLIPID PROFILE % of 18:2 Acyl Species % of TotalChains Phosphatidylcholine (PC) 31.62 11.61 Phosphatidylinositol (PI)24.87 3.3 Phosphatidyletanolamine (PE) 18.86 6.86 Phosphatadic Acid (PA)13.88 5.63 Digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG) 5.88 1.23Phosphatidylglycerol (PG) 2.37 0.275 Lyso-Phosphatidylcholine (PC) 0.9820.614 Lyso-Phosphatidyletanolamine (PE) 0.698 0.35 Phosphatidylserine(PS) 0.472 0.067 Monogalactosyldiacylglycerol 0.311 0.149 (MGDG)Lyso-Phosphatidylglycerol (PG) 0.057 0.023

Sufficient rosemary extract is dissolved in an alcohol/citric acidsolution and this solution is spray dried onto dry particles of thelipid composition to provide an even coating of the extract on the lipidparticles. The coated lipid particles are then further dried at roomtemperature for about 24 hours and then blended with inulin, pantethineand sodium borate to provide the base composition. The base compositionmay also contain one or more of sodium, calcium, phosphorus, iron andpotassium salts. In a preferred composition each wafer contains about1069.8 mg of the lipid powder, 0.107 mg of rosemary extract, 153.4287 mgof inulin, 5.1250 mg of pantethine and 1.3558 mg of sodium borate, for atotal weight of about 1250 mg.

In a preferred embodiment, to produce the wafer the inactive ingredientsor excipients listed below are blended with the base composition so thatthe each wafer also contains:

Xylitol—1670.9 mg

Vegetable Stearic Acid—80 mg

Natural Mixed Berry Flavor—60 mg

Vegetable Stearate—40 mg

Beet Juice Powder—40 mg

Citric Acid—30 mg

While the preferential wafer composition contains xylitol, stearic acidand stearate, beet juice powder, citric acid and a flavoring agent suchas berry, one skilled in the art will recognize that other materialssuch as other flavoring agents, vitamins, or nutritional supplements canbe added or customary substitutes therefor may be provided. Further,while the quantities of each set forth above provide a suitable solidchewable wafer for the specific lipid composition specified, it isrecognized that these concentrations may vary and may have to bemodified to provide a suitable end product which may be dependent on thelipids or other active ingredients included in the wafer. In recognitionthereof, the wafer produced in accordance with Composition 1 is providedas an example of an acceptable end product and wafers compositionscontaining different combinations of active and inactive ingredients arethen appropriately modified to provide a wafer end product havingapproximately the same consistency as far as taste, chewability andother characteristics exhibited by the product of Composition 1. for anaverage finished weight per wafer of 3152 mg. On a percent weight basisthe final wafer contains:

Active Ingredients

-   -   Lipids—1,069.8 mg=33.94%    -   Inulin—153.4287 mg=4.87%    -   Pantethine—5.1250 mg=0.16%    -   Sodium Borate—1.3558 mg=0.04%

Inactive Ingredients or Excipients

-   -   Xylitol—1670.9 mg=53.01%    -   Vegetable Stearic Acid—80 mg=2.54%    -   Natural Mixed Berry Flavor—60 mg=1.90%    -   Vegetable Stearate—40 mg=1.27%    -   Beet Juice Powder—40 mg=1.27%    -   Citric Acid—30 mg=0.95%    -   Rosemary extract—1.25 mg=0.04%    -   Mixture of one or more of sodium, calcium, phosphorus, iron and        potassium salts-20 mg=0.6%

While the example above uses lipids set forth in Composition 1, based onthe teachings herein one skilled in the art can readily fabricate lipidcontaining wafers with any of the other lipid compositions set forthabove or, for that matter, any other lipid combinations or nutritionalsubstituents as may be prepared to address maintenance of propernutritional and/or phospholipid balances in the body or organ systemsthereof or to address known or diagnosed nutritional and/or phospholipiddeficiencies in specific organs or disease related conditions. Apreferred range of lipid components comprises about 19-29%phosphatidylcholine (PC), 15-25% phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), 3.5%-10%phosphatidic acid (PA), 10-18% phosphatidylinositol (PI), 2-10%,phosphatidylglycerol (PG), 2-10% glycolipids and phosphatidylserine(PS), identified in combination in the Examples below as “lipids”. Oneparticularly preferred additive to the above wafer composition is CoQ10.Further, in the alternative wafer compositions described below the MixedBerry Flavor may be replaced by other additives and the variouscomponents of the base composition (the Active ingredients) and thecarrier for the base composition may be varied. In the compositionsbelow the quantities of the substituents in the carrier are notspecified as they may be readily varied by one skilled in the art toprovide a wafer composition of the proper consistency, taste andchewability.

Example 5 Chocolate Flavored Wafer with CoQ10

Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is a substance found in every cell of the body. Thebody produces CoQ10 and the mitochondria in the cells utilize CoQ10 toproduce energy more efficiently to aid in cell growth and maintenance.CoQ10 also functions as an antioxidant as well as help enzymes functionto digest food and perform other body processes, as well as help protectthe heart and skeletal muscles. It is claimed that CoQ10 is beneficialto prevent heart failure, cancer, muscular dystrophy, and periodontaldisease as well as being potentially beneficial in preserving brainfunction, and fighting migraine headaches, mental diseases andpreventing, treating or reducing neurodegenerative conditions such asAlzheimer and Parkinson. It is also said to boost energy and speedrecovery from exercise. The following composition includes an effectiveamount of CoQ10 to provide at least some of these benefits.

Active Ingredients (Base Composition)

Lipids—900 mg containing Phosphorus (from phosphoglycolipids)—22 mg

Inulin—150 mg

CoQ10—100 mg

Boron (as Sodium Borate)—0.150 mg

Inactive Ingredients or Excipients (Carrier)

Xylitol

Cocoa powder and chocolate flavoring

Stearic Acid

Vegetable Stearate

Colorants

Silicon dioxide

Example 6 Vitamin Additives for Improved Bone Health

The combination of Vitamin K2 and Vitamin D is more effective inpreventing bone loss than either nutrient alone. The followingcomposition includes an effective amount of Vitamin K2 and Vitamin D toprovide improved bone health.

Active Ingredients (Base Composition)

Lipids—1200 mg

Phosphorus (from phosphoglycolipids)—32 mg

Inulin—150 mg

Vitamin D3 (as cholecalciferol)—2500 IU

Vitamin K—45 mcg

Boron (as Sodium Borate)—0.150 mg

Inactive Ingredients or Excipients (Carrier)

Xylitol

One or more flavoring agents including vanilla flavoring

Stearic Acid

Vegetable Stearate

Silicon Dioxide

Example 7 Carbohydrate Blocker

Compositions containing extracts of white bean have been suggested aspromoting weight loss by blocking the absorption of ingestedcarbohydrates, enhancing fat loss, reducing body mass index, promotinginsulin sensitivity and aiding in maintaining healthy triglyceridelevels. The following composition includes an effective amount ofPhaseolamin extract to provide at least some of these benefits.

Active Ingredients (Base Composition)

Lipids—670 mg

Phosphorus (from phosphoglycolipids)—18 mg

Inulin—150 mg

Phaseolamin extract derived from white kidney bean (phaseousvulgaris)—400 mg

Boron (as Sodium Borate)—0.150 mg

Inactive Ingredients or Excipients (Carrier)

Xylitol

Orange and vanilla flavoring

Stearic Acid

Vegetable Stearate

Orange coloring

Citric acid

Silicon Dioxide

Antioxidants in diet can reduce or eliminate the cell-damaging effectsof free radicals; antioxidant supplements can act along with endogenoussystems in the human body to address negative consequences of oxidativestress. The heart, lungs and the brain are particularly vulnerable tooxidative injury. Antioxidants have also been investigated as possibletreatments for neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease,Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. There isevidence that certain vegetables and fruits and extracts from thesevegetables and fruits can protect against a number of cancers and otherdiseases. Studies have shown that people who took regular antioxidantsin fruits and vegetables seemed to have lesser incidence of thesediseases. In addition, those who took fewer amounts of antioxidants, orhad excessive exposure to pro-oxidants like cigarette smoking etc., hada higher risk of these disorders. The following compositions includes aneffective amount of antioxidants to provide at least some of thesebenefits.

Example 8 Antioxidant Composition

Active Ingredients (Base Composition)

-   -   Lipids—785 mg    -   Phosphorus (from phosphoglycolipids)—21 mg    -   Inulin—150 mg    -   Vitamin C—100 mg    -   Trans-reservatrol—25 mg    -   Freeze-dried Muskmelon (Cucumis melo) juice concentrate—10 mg    -   containing Superoxide dismutase (SOD)—140 IU and catalase—0.02        IU.    -   Alpha Lipoic Acid-    -   CoQ10    -   Boron (as Sodium Borate)—0.150 mg

Inactive Ingredients or Excipients (Carrier)

-   -   Xylitol    -   One or more flavoring agents    -   Stearic Acid    -   Vegetable Stearate    -   Citric acid    -   Beet juice    -   Silicon dioxide

Example 9 Vegetable Blend

Active Ingredients (Base Composition)

-   -   Lipids—670 mg    -   Phosphorus (from phosphoglycolipids)—18 mg    -   Inulin—150 mg    -   Mixture of one or more of dried, powdered broccoli, broccoli        sprouts, tomato, carrots, spinach, kale, brussel sprouts and        onion or extracts thereof—350 mg    -   Boron (as Sodium Borate)—0.150 mg

Inactive Ingredients or Excipients (Carrier)

-   -   Xylitol-    -   Flavoring agents    -   Stearic Acid-    -   Vegetable Stearate    -   Citric acid    -   Beet juice    -   Silicon dioxide

Example 10 Fruit Blend

Active Ingredients (Base Composition)

-   -   Lipids—670 mg    -   Phosphorus (from phosphoglycolipids)—18 mg    -   Inulin—150 mg    -   Mixture of one or more of dried, powdered wild blueberry,        cranberry, raspberry, raspberry seed, strawberry, prune, tart        cherry, wild bilberry, grape and grape seed or extracts        thereof—350 mg    -   Boron (as Sodium Borate)—0.150 mg

Inactive Ingredients or Excipients (Carrier)

-   -   Xylitol-    -   Flavoring agents    -   Stearic Acid-    -   Vegetable Stearate    -   Citric acid    -   Beet juice    -   Silicon dioxide

Example 11 Vegetable and Fruit Blend

Active Ingredients (Base Composition)

-   -   Lipids—670 mg    -   Phosphorus (from phosphoglycolipids)—18 mg    -   Inulin—150 mg    -   Mixture of one or more of dried, powdered broccoli, broccoli        sprouts, tomato, carrots, spinach, kale, brussel sprouts and        onion or extracts thereof—350 mg    -   Mixture of one or more of dried, powdered wild blueberry,        cranberry, raspberry, raspberry seed, strawberry, prune, tart        cherry, wild bilberry grape and grape seed or extracts        thereof—350 mg—350 mg    -   Boron (as Sodium Borate)—0.150 mg

Inactive Ingredients or Excipients (Carrier)

-   -   Xylitol    -   Flavoring agents    -   Stearic Acid    -   Vegetable Stearate    -   Citric acid    -   Beet juice    -   Silicon dioxide

Example 12 Caffeine Wafers

Several different variation of a chewable wafer/tablet were prepared.Each wafer was ⅞″ Diameter and had a total weight of about 3500 mg andincluded:

-   -   a) NT Factor Lipids®—(U.S. Pat. No. 8,877,239) Non-GMO        Proprietary Blend—includes Inulin (150 mg) Soy        Phosphoglycolipids, Fructo-oligosaccharides and Pantethine (a        Coenzyme A precursor) (approximately 1200 mg) (NT Factor® and NT        Factor Lipids® are registered trademarks of Nutritional        Therapeutics, Inc.),    -   b) a Blend comprising 67 or 75 mg of Beadlet Caffeine, 50 or 100        mg of caffeine anhydrous powder, Green Tea Extract (as Green Tea        extract (Camellia sinensis) (leaf) [standardized for 98%        polyphenols (9.8 mg) and 45% Epigallocatechin-3-P-gallate (4.5        mg) containing 0.4 mg caffeine], and Yerba mate (as Yerba Mate        extract (Ilex paraguariensis) from (leaves) [standardized for 8%        caffeine (0.8 mg)]. (The total weight of the blend is        approximately 137 mg containing 118.2 mg of caffeine (referred        to as Lite) or 195 mg (8 hour wafer) with 176.2 mg caffeine),        and    -   c) natural mixed berry, chocolate or mocha flavoring. The        difference between the chocolate and mocha wafers was the        addition of natural coffee flavoring in place of a portion of        the chocolate flavoring in the wafer. (One skilled in the art        will recognize that other flavoring agents or combinations        thereof can be used.)

Example 12A Low Dose Caffeine Wafers (Lite) (4 to 6 hours)

Active Ingredients:

-   -   Lipids 1,069.8 mg    -   Inulin 153.4287 mg    -   Caffeine (total 118.2 mg)        -   Beadlet Caffeine 67 mg        -   Anhydrous Caffeine Powder—50 mg        -   10 mg Green Tea Extract—(0.4 mg caffeine)        -   10 mg Yerba Mate—(0.8 mg caffeine)    -   Pantethine 5.1250 mg    -   Sodium Borate—1.3558 mg

Inactive Ingredients or Excipients

-   -   Xylitol—1,805.25 mg    -   Mixed Berry or Cocoa Natural Flavor—136.788 mg    -   Vegetable Stearic Acid—80 mg    -   Vegetable Stearate—40 mg    -   Beet Juice Powder—40 mg    -   Citric Acid—30 mg    -   Rosemary Extract—1.25 mg    -   Optional (Nu Pareil spheres composed primarily of starch and        sugar).

Example 12B 8 Hour Caffeine Wafers—

Active Ingredients:

-   -   Lipids 1,069.8 mg    -   Inulin 153.4287 mg    -   Caffeine (total—176.2 mg)        -   Anhydrous Caffeine Powder—100 mg        -   Beadlet Caffeine 75 mg        -   10 mg Green Tea Extract—(0.4 mg caffeine)        -   10 mg Yerba Mate—(0.8 mg caffeine)    -   Pantethine 5.1250 mg    -   Sodium Borate-1.3558 mg

Inactive Ingredients or Excipients

-   -   Xylitol—1,777.25 mg    -   Mixed Berry, Cocoa (chocolate) or Coffee Natural Flavor—136.788        mg    -   Vegetable Stearic Acid—80 mg    -   Vegetable Stearate-40 mg    -   Dextrose—40 mg    -   Rosemary Extract—1.25 mg

TABLE 23 How long How long did you did it take experience a you to feelChocolate higher level of increased or Did Wafer Did wafer energy,alertness energy, Please rate the taste Berry improve help you stay andfocus after alertness and and flavor of the Patient Wafer alertness?focused? taking? focus?³ wafers? A F Berry Yes Yes 10 hours 1 hour FAIRA R Berry Yes Yes 8 hours 2 hours Good C D¹ Chocolate Yes Yes 6 hours 1hour Good C C Chocolate Yes Yes 10 hours 45 minutes Excellent D F BerryYes Yes 9 hours 30 Minutes Excellent D P Berry Yes YEs 10 hours 30minutes Good E A¹ Chocolate Yes Yes 6 hours 30 minutes Chocolate Rocks EH Berry Yes Yes 9 Hours 15 minutes Excellent F N Chocolate Yes Yes 9hours 45 minutes Excellent G R Berry Yes Yes 8 hours 15 minutes Fair-Tastes bitter J C Berry Yes Yes 10 hours 15 minutes Excellent J DChocolate Yes Yes 11 hours 5 minutes Excellent K M Chocolate Yes Yes 10hours 15 minutes Excellent L C Berry Yes YEs 9 hours 30 minutes Good MM² No No No noticeable No increased Excellent change energy/alertness NF Chocolate Yes Yes 10 Hours 30 Minutes Excellent O R Chocolate Yes Yes10 hours 15 minutes Excellent R O Berry Yes Yes 10 hours 15 minutesExcellent P L Yes Yes 9 hours 30 minutes Good P A Berry Yes Yes 8 hours30 Minutes Excellent R F Chocolate Yes Yes 10 hours 10 minutes ExcellentR M² Yes No Unsure 1 hour Good T B² Chocolate Yes Yes 6 hours 30 minutesGood Z L Berry Yes Yes 8 hours 30 minutes Good TOTAL 96% 92% Range 6-11Avg. Range 5-60 min 8.01 hr Avg. 31.9 min. T S Lite Yes Yes 5 hours 20minutes Excellent J S Lite Yes Yes 4 hours 15 minutes Good P W Lite yesyes 6 hours 10 minutes Excellent ¹Believed to be moderate coffeedrinkers with built-up moderate tolerance to caffeine intake. ²Heavycoffee drinker. Positive response after increased caffeine dosage.³Referred to as “efficacy”.

One 8-ounce cup of brewed coffee contains from 65 to 120 milligrams ofcaffeine while a strong brew can contain up to 180 mg of caffeine. Onthe other hand, NoDoz® and Vivarin®, which are over the counter pillscontaining 200 mg caffeine, are advertised as restoring mental alertnessor wakefulness when experiencing fatigue or drowsiness. While theeffectiveness of a 200 mg dose or a cup of coffee will vary depending onthe age, weight and caffeine tolerance of an individual, the time thatit takes for a 200 mg dose of commercially available caffeine pills tobegin taking affect and the time period the effect continues will vary.However, on average, it generally takes 10 to 30 minutes to begin totake effect and the effect lasts for about 3-5 hours. It typically takes45 minutes for 99% of the caffeine ingested to be absorbed by the bodyand in humans the half-life for caffeine averages 4 to 6 hours whichexplains why the average strong cup of coffee or a 200 mg pill willlasts less than 6 hours.

Unexpectedly, it was found that the higher dose wafer, containing about175 mg caffeine was approximately twice as effective as theover-the-counter 200 gm caffeine pill. The 175 mg wafer, irrespective ofthe flavoring agent showed an increased energy, alertness and focuslasting an average of 8 hours and, if the 2 moderate coffee drinkers andthe 3 heavy drinkers with a demonstrated caffeine resistance are deletedfrom the analysis, the 175 mg wafer demonstrated a consistent efficacyof about 9.4 hours. Further, the Lite wafer, containing only 118 mg ofcaffeine appeared to have an efficacy equal to a 200 mg caffeine pill.It is believed that the significantly increased beneficial effect of thewafer compositions described herein is due to the synergisticcombination of the caffeine with the NT factor lipids and inulin whichprovide enhanced cell membrane transport. While examples 12A and 12B andTable 23 demonstrate and utilize preferred compositions containingapproximately 118 and 175 mg of caffeine it is contemplated thatcaffeine concentrations from 100 to 200 mg in a single wafer can beused.

Described above are examples of wafer compositions that can be formed.They are provided as suitable compositions for delivery of effectiveamounts of the active ingredients listed therein but are not intended aslimitations on the scope of compositions. One skilled in the art willrecognize, based on the descriptions and teachings herein that numerousalternative compositions which include the lipids and inulin can beformed and ingredients from one or more examples can be combined to formalternative lipid containing edible wafers. Preparation and delivery ofproper phospholipid combinations not only supports structure andfunction of cell membranes, provides fundamental components of cellmembranes essential for proper growth, maturing and proper functioningof cells, influences membrane functions associated with membraneproteins to help correct imbalances and Increases cell membranefluidity, but also provides a more beneficial biological environment fordelivering and transporting caffeine into the body as well as to thecaffeine receptors in the brain so as to allow the caffeine to be moreeffective and the beneficial effects to last longer than prior artcaffeine delivery mechanisms. Other benefits of delivery of thecompositions disclosed herein are to:

-   -   repair cell membrane damage,    -   repair mitochondrial membrane damage,    -   increase mitochondrial function,    -   reduce fatigue,    -   promote systemic energy,    -   sustain cellular energy levels,    -   sustain long-lasting energy    -   improve quality of life and nerve function    -   support healthy structure and function of tissues, organs and        systems within the body,    -   promote mental clarity, mental focus, concentration,    -   support healthy cognitive function and healthy nerve function,    -   provide rapid feelings of increased energy,    -   provide anti-aging benefits,    -   address damage due to oxidative free radicals,    -   aid in weight loss, and    -   support cellular detoxification.

The addition to the chewable wafer of caffeine in the quantitiesdescribed expands the utility of the wafers so produced. The capabilityof delivering the desired caffeine, inuline and phospholipids, as wellas other desirable nutritional constituents in a chewable wafer formallows individuals to consume desired supplements in a patient friendlyform that beneficially aids in compliance with medically establishedprotocols, while allowing the individual to remain alert, perform tasksin a more focused and energetic manner.

We claim:
 1. An edible wafer comprising: a) a base compositioncomprising a combination of inulin, phospholipids and caffeine intherapeutically effective amounts, and b) a carrier for the basecomposition comprising xylitol, a flavoring agent, stearic acid and/orvegetable stearate, and silicon dioxide, and optionally furthercomprising a colorant, said wafer effective, when consumed by anindividual, to increase alertness and allow the individual to performtasks in a more focused and energetic manner, wherein the basecomposition comprises a combination of phospholipids comprisingphosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidic acid,phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylglycerol, glycolipids andphosphatidylserine.
 2. The wafer of claim 1 wherein the combination ofphospholipids comprises about 19-29% phosphatidylcholine (PC), 15-25%phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), 3.5%-10% phosphatidic acid (PA), 10-18%phosphatidylinositol (PI), 2-10%, phosphatidylglycerol (PG), 10-20%glycolipids and phosphatidylserine (PS).
 3. The wafer of claim 2 beingabout 0.875 inch in diameter, having a total weight of about 3500 mg andcontaining 100 to 200 mg of caffeine.
 4. The wafer of claim 3 containingabout 118 mg of caffeine providing increased alertness, focus and energyfor 4-6 hours.
 5. The wafer of claim 3 containing about 175 mg ofcaffeine providing increased alertness, focus and energy for 8-9.4hours.
 6. The wafer of claim 1, wherein the flavoring agent ischocolate, mocha or wild berry.